Organic functional groups

Week 1

Alkanes

All carbon bonds are single

Alkenes

At least one double carbon bond

Alkynes

At least one triple carbon bond

Arenes

Benzene rings (EX: C6H6)

Halides

Carbon connected to F, Cl, Br, or I

Aldehydes

Carbon with an oxygen double bond, and connected to either two hydrogens or a hydrogen and a carbon

Ketone

Carbon with an oxygen double bond, and is connected to two carbons

Amine

Nitrogen connected to three carbons, three hydrogens, or a mixture of the two, no carbon double bonds are allowed

Alcohol

Carbon with an sp³ orbital connected to an OH

Carboxylic acid

Carbon with an oxygen double bond, and connected to an OH and a hydrogen or a carbon

Ester

Carbon with an oxygen double bond and connected to a carbon or hydrogen, and connected to an oxygen which is connected to another carbon that is never in a double bond

Ether

Oxygen connected to two carbons of which have to be sp³

Amide

Carbon with an oxygen double bond, and connected to a carbond or hydrogen, and connected to a nitrogen which is connected to either two hydrogens, two oxygens, or one of each

Anhydride

Oxygen connected to two carbons each with oxygen double bonds, and each connected to their own carbon or hydrogen

Acid halide

Carbon with an oxygen double bond, and connected to hydrogen or carbon, and connected to either F, Cl, Br, or I

Thiol

Carbon connected to SH

Disulfide

Two sulfurs bonded in the center, with two carbons on either side, the carbons cannot have a double bond to oxygens

Nitro

Carbon bonded to NO₂

Cyano

Carbon bonded to carbon and triple bonded to nitrogen a