Diagnostic Catalog of Artifacts (earthenware, stoneware, porcelain, and some small finds)

What are three types of clay ceramics

earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain

Which of the tree types of ceramics is fired at the lowest temperature?

earthenware is fired at the lowest temperature.

What temperature is earthenware fired at?

typically between 900-1050 degrees C

What kind of ceramic is earthenware? (think characteristics)

porous

What do you do if you don’t want your ceramic to be porous?

you glaze them

What kind of glaze is typically used for earthenware?

lead glaze

What is porcelain made of?

Specialized white clay

what temperature is porcelain fired at?

> 1300 degrees

Describe what the glaze on porcelain looks like

It doesn’t really look like a glaze as it is practically bonded to the bodies, which is why everyone wanted porcelain

For those who couldn’t afford porcelain, how would they make mock ups?

they would add a bit of tin to the lead glazed earthenware to make it look more like porcelain

Is porcelain usually decorated?

yes, porcelain is often decorated

Where did North-devon gravel temper come from?

southwest England

What color does north-devon gravel temper glaze have?

usually has apple green lead glaze and is unglazed on the other side with gravel in it

What kind of vessels are typically made of North devon gravel temper?

utilitarian vessels

What is Buckley?

A lead glazed ceramic

On how many sides is Buckley glazed on?

Two sides

What color paste does Buckley have?

brick-red to purplish earthenware paste

What is Buckley made of?

Two different kinds of clays

When does Staffordshire-type first show up around?

Around the 1680s

What is Staffordshire-type ware typically used for?

Drinking vessels

is staffordhire-type ware typically decorated?

Some are highly decorated 

Describe Staffordshire slip-ware in terms of economic class

Staffordshire slipware is not the most wealthy symbol

What kind of appearance does stoneware have?

It has a stone-like appearance

How can you tell the difference between earthenware and stoneware?

If you lick it, earthenware will stick to your tongue

What are two kinds of Rhenish earthenware?

Rhenish Blue on Gray and Rhenish Brown

What is the time frame for Rhenish Brown?

1634-1690

What kind of face mask does Rhenish brown ware have?

Bellermy face-mask

What kinds of vessels was Rhenish Brown used for and what were the purposes of those vessels?

It was typically used for bottles that held liquids but not wine.

Where are the face masks on Rhenish Brown bottles typically found in terms of site locations?

They are often found in Native Sites in which the bottles have often be repurposed

What is Rhenish Blue on Gray typically used for?

Mugs or jugs

What does GR on Rhenish Blue on Gray mean?

George Rex- the King

When was English Brown stoneware dated to?

1690 (but in reality it was earlier than that- around 1624)

What do English Brown stonewares have on the base?

Small dark inclusions in the base

What are White salt-glazed stonewares typically used for?

mugs, lids, saucers, teapots

Why was white salt-glazed stone ware sought after?

Because they wanted whiter pottery 

What would happen if you threw salt at the White salt-glazed stoneware and why?

It would pelt like an orange peel because it is very thin

What can be added to earthenware to create an opaque glaze?

Tin oxide

What color paste do earthenwares fired at a low temperature have?

The color can range from buff to yellow to pink to red to gray and the paste is soft and porous

Which type are some of the most plentiful ceramics found on colonial archaeological sites?

Coarse earthenware

What kind of ceramic is Astbury-type?

Thinly potted Earthenware

What color body does Astbury-type have? 

A dense, dull-red body

What type and colored glaze does Astbury-type have?

Ginger to light-chocolate brown colored lead glaze

What type of earthenware does this paste and body belong to? 

Astbury-type earthenware

What type of earthenware do this body and shards belong to?

Astbury-type earthenware

What is the chronology for Astbury-type earthenware?

1720s-1750s

What colored paste does Astbury-type earthenware have?

high-fired red paste

What kind of forms are made of Astbury-type earthenware?

teapots, cups, bowls, and coffee pots

What kind of ceramic is North Devon?

A lead glazed coarse earthenware

What colored paste does North Devon earthenware have?

A reddish pink to orange paste that has a gray core

What colors does the lead glaze range from for North Devon earthenware?

The lead glaze ranges in color from green to yellow to brown

What defines the different types of North Devon Earthenware?

the temper

What is the chronology of North Devon earthenware?

mid to late 17th- and 18th century sites in the Chesapeake region

What kind of North Devon earthenware is this?

North Devon gravel-free

What is North Devon gravel-tempered characterized by?

Its gravel temper

What kind of forms is North Devon Gravel free found in?

in the form of tall (baluster) jars

What kind of North Devon Earthenware is this?

North Devon gravel-tempered

What colored core to North Devon earthenware have and why?

Gray, resulting from reduced oxygen during firing

Describe the paste for North Devon earthenware

Well mixed with a fine, smooth texture and contains very fine sand particles

Describe the paste for North Devon gravel temper earthenware

Angular gravel is added to the paste and imparts an obvious rough texture to the ware when it protrudes on the surface 

Where are most North Devon vessels glazed?

on the interior

Are North Devon wares typically decorated?

They are typically undecorated

What kind of earthenware do these sherds belong to?

North devon earthenware

What color are Clouded and Tortoiseshell Refined Earthenware bodies?

cream-colored

What color do Clouded and Tortoiseshell Refined Earthenware become once they are decorated with a sponge?

Combinations of green, brown, purple, and yellow

Describe the material characteristics of Clouded and Tortoiseshell Refined Earthenware

They have a hard, somewhat porous body with thin walls. 

How were Clouded and Tortoiseshell Refined Earthenware glazed?

They were Bisque (or biscuit-fired) wares that were dipped into a liquid glaze containing lead oxide, flint, and sometimes small amounts of clay

How are the clouded wares decorated?

They have amorphous patches of metallic oxides in combinations of green (copper oxide), purpose (magnesium), brown (iron), and yellow

What characterized tortoiseshell decoration?

consists of brown spots or streaks on the vessel’s creamy yellow background

-sprig molding was sometimes used as well

What forms did Clouded and Tortoiseshell Refined Earthenware take?

teapots, cups, plates, saucers, mugs, sauceboats, pierced baskets, and figurines

What kind of body and density did tin-glazed earthenware have?

They were soft-bodied earthenware ceramic

What kind of glaze did tin-glazed earthenware have

a lead glaze to which has been added tin-oxide 

How were tin glazed earthenware often decorated?

They were often painted with blue and polychrome designs

Describe the paste used for tin earthenware

Course earthenware paste that is thick but with a soft texture, and untempered

What color did tin-earthenware paste have?

The colors vary from buff to pale-yellow to pink on English, Dutch, and Portuguese wares, while French and Italian tin-glazed ceramics may have reddish pastes

What colored glaze did tin glazed earthenware have

A clear lead glaze to which tin-oxide has been added , creating an opaque, generally whiter surface that was often decorated

0it separates easily from the body

What forms were made from tin-glazed earthenware?

Table and tea wares, decorate and commemorative plates, drug jars, ointment pots, tiles, and chamber pots

What kind of earthenware does this paste belong to?

Tin-glazed earthenware

What kind of eartheware is this?

Tin-glazed earthenware

What colored paste did Buckley-Type earthenware have and how was it made?

A hard brick-red to purplish earthenware paste made by combining red and yellowish clays

Describe the density and design of the Buckley-type vessels?

They are often very thick with ribbed exteriors

What colored glaze did Buckley-type have and what was it made out of?

a thick black lead glaze

What kind of earthenware paste does this image show?

Buckley-type earthenware

What kind of earthenware vessel is this?

Buckley-type

What is another name for Staffordshire-Type earthenware?

North Midlands

Describe the body of Staffordshire earthenware

Typically a thin, buff-bodied earthenware

What were staffordshire-type earthenwares coated with?

with white and dark slips

What were staffordshire type earthenwares decorated with?

trailed, combed, or marbled designs

What kind of glaze is used on Staffordshire-type earthenware and what color does it give the surface?

A clear lead glaze gives these vessels a yellowish background color

What kind of earthenware paste is this an image of?

Staffordshire-Type earthenware

What kind of earthenware is this an image of?

Staffordshire-Type Earthenware

What does it mean for a ware to be vitrified?

It means that it is non-porous

What do the paste colors of stoneware range from?

Typically the color ranges from white to gray to stan

What is the most prevalent method used to glaze stoneware?

Salt-glazing

How does salt-glazing work?

During the firing, salt is introduced into the kiln. The sodium then reacts with silicates in the clays, creating a shiny, pitted surface, known as the “orange peel” texture

What color is English Brown stoneware ?

Generally a buff to light gray color

What is English Brown stoneware typically covered by?

Covered at least partly with a speckled brown slip and salt glazed

What does the body of English Brown stone ware have?

it often has small, dark inclusions in the paste (black pepper like)

What does English Brown stoneware most commonly occur as?

drinking vessels and bottles

Describe the body of English Brown stoneware

often a hard, grainy body that can be partly vitrified 

-color ranging from whitish to buff to gray to light brown 

How can you distinguish English brown from rhenish brown stoneware?

the dark inclusions and graininess that English brown ahs