CJ Final Exam

Under the concept of civil law, relatives of murder victims can file lawsuits against the perpetrator for wrongful death.​

True

The ______ Amendment prohibits excessive bail.​

Fifth

General deterrence strategies are premised on all of the following except:

If crime is rational, then painful punishment should reduce its future allure.

The three main components into which the contemporary criminal justice system is generally divided ​are:

law enforcement, the judiciary, and the correctional system.

The act of murder is a violation of _______ law.

substantive criminal law

The law can generally be divided into three broad categories.

False

The ________ branch of government interprets existing laws and determines whether they meet constitutional requirements.

judicial

__________ is not a technique of situational crime
prevention.

induce provocation

______ is/are the first step in the formal criminal justice process.

initial contact

The ___________, created in 1919, was a professional association funded by private contributions and was integral in getting agencies of justice to work together.​

​Chicago Crime Commission

Criminologists study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.

true

There are three views of how and why some behaviors become illegal and are considered crimes while others remain noncriminal.

true

Specific deterrence is a crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties.

false

Self-report surveys are conducted most often on:

juveniles

The crime rate was much higher 100 years ago than it is today.​

true

The ________ branch of government is responsible for the day-to-day operation of justice agencies.

judicial

________ is not a behavior associated with antisocial personality.

the need to plan ahead

A violation of social rules of conduct, interpreted and expressed by a written criminal code, is the definition of:

crime

The __________ is society's instrument of social control.

criminal justice system

Which is not a symptom of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?

Occasional loss of temper

One of the most important sources of self-report data is the _____ study, conducted annually using approximately 2,500 high school seniors.​

monitoring the future

The Miranda warnings must be read to all suspects arrested by law enforcement.​

false

The ________ is considered official crime data collected by the FBI.

​Uniform Crime Report

The consensus view of crime holds that criminal law is created and enforced by those who hold political and economic power.

false

Which is not an example of a specific deterrence strategy?

All of these are examples of specific deterrent strategies.

Less serious felonies make up the bottom layer of the criminal justice system wedding cake.​

false

The _______ oversees criminal justice practices and has the power to determine whether existing operations fall within the bounds of the U.S. Constitution.

judiciary

The _______ view of crime contends that there are moral entrepreneurs who want to control behaviors they view as immoral or wrong.

interactionist

Laws that are created and retroactively enforced are known as:​

​ex post facto laws.

Situational crime prevention falls under _____ theory.​

choice

The consensus view of crime is largely responsible for laws defining property crimes, such as larceny and burglary.

false

The interactionist view of crime falls between the consensus and conflict visions.

true

A primary purpose of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) was to:

​supply grants to local and state law enforcement agencies.

According to the _______ view of crime, behaviors that become crimes are essentially harmful to a majority of citizens and therefore there is general agreement regarding which behaviors need to be controlled.​

consensus

That white collar crime is thought to be punished less severely than other crimes because the perpetrators are likely affluent members of the ruling class supports the _______ view of crime.​

conflict

Target hardening techniques are one element of situational crime prevention.​

true

The term insanity:​

​is a legal concept only.

The death penalty has been shown to be a deterrent to violent crime.​

false

Laws defining property crimes, such as larceny and burglary, are created in response to the ______ view of crime.

conflict

According to situational crime prevention, if punishment is severe enough, known criminals will never be tempted to repeat their offenses.​

false

Police agencies begin to appear in the United States in the ________ century.

nineteenth

U.S. criminal law is static and unchanging.​

false

_______ is not required for strict liability crimes?​

mens rea

Crime is a violation of social rules of conduct.

true

Mens rea refers to the:​

​intent to commit a criminal act.

The term actus reus refers to the:​

guilty act

Unlawful searches are a violation of ________ law.

​procedural criminal

Criminal and civil law can be interrelated.​

true

Local governments collectively spend more on criminal justice than do state and federal agencies combined.​

true

Stare decisis is Latin for "to stand by decided cases".

true

Incarceration of an individual convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol is an example of:​

specific deterrence

Which is not a specific disorder that has been linked to antisocial youth?

Freudian slip (FS)

Which would not constitute an example of an ex post facto law?​

​A law that alters punishment before the fact.

____________ study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.

Criminologists

Which is an example of a situational crime prevention strategy?

Crime is reduced if motivated offenders are denied access to suitable targets.

Procedural law is primarily concerned with:​

​setting out the basic rules of practice in the criminal justice system.

_______ are not reported in Part I or Part II of the offense section of the UCR.​

traffic violations

The media tends to focus on Level IV cases of the wedding cake model of justice.​

false

________ are not included in the Uniform Crime Report's list of Part I or index crimes.​

simple assault

The _________ defines the law by determining what conduct is prohibited and establishes criminal penalties for those who violate the law.

legislature

Which is not one of the six core beliefs at the heart of the police culture?

​Patrol work gives officers the chance to be heroes in the eyes of the public.

White female police officers are more likely to perceive sexual discrimination than African American female police officers.​

true

_______ created the first formal police department created in the United States in 1838.

Boston

The watchman style is characterized by an emphasis on the maintenance of public order as the police goal.

True

The tythingman might be considered the first real police officer, and he dealt with more serious breaches of the law.

false

The majority of police organizations are still organized in a hierarchical manner.

true

Conducting an interview with a family member of the victim who was present at the crime scene would fall into the ________ investigative stage.​

​specific focus

​Which statement is false regarding minorities in policing?

​The first African American was hired as a police officer in 1931.

What was the principal finding of the Kansas City Patrol Study?​

​There is little evidence to suggest that increased police patrol deters crime.

About one-third percent of police departments have some type of college requirement.

true

In medieval England, the group of 100 families responsible for maintaining order and trying minor offenses was known as the:

hundred

Civilian employees are helpful in minimizing costs for police departments and can be used in all of the following capacities except:​

investigations

​________ in early English society required that every person in a village be responsible for protecting the settlement from thieves.

​The pledge system

​The style of policing where an officer who approaches a group of teenagers standing in a parking lot, checks them for gang symbols, and calls in to the station to ascertain whether any of them have active warrants and arresting those with a warrant, exemplifies which style of policing would be:

crime fighter

To catch professional thieves, undercover detectives often pose as fences.

true

The detective bureau is considered the backbone of policing.​

false

English police officers are known as bobbies because:​

​Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel was responsible for their creation.

The Fourth Amendment necessitates warrants for all searches and arrests.

false

On average, a police officer makes about 14 arrests each year.

true

As a private citizen, a person could enter someone else's property and search for contraband without triggering Fourth Amendment prohibitions.​

true

The Court's decision in Illinois v. Gates established the:

totality of circumstances test

​Studies have shown that female officers' job performance is comparable to their male counterparts.

true

​The Fourth Amendment specifically states that no warrants shall be issued but upon:

​probable cause.

The concept of hot spots of crime is most closely associated with the _______ model of policing.

​problem-oriented policing (POP)

The head of the U.S. Department of Justice is the:

​U.S. Attorney General.

In addition to probable cause and a neutral and detached magistrate, ________ is the third key requirement for obtaining a legal search warrant.

particularity

The chief law enforcement officer in a county is called a:

​sheriff.

A pretext stop is one in which:

​police officers stop a car because they suspect the driver is involved in a crime but lack probable cause.

In the 1990s, police departments began to embrace community policing.​

true

The _______ is the oldest federal law enforcement agency.

​U.S. Marshals

Police during the nineteenth century were regarded as incompetent and corrupt and were disliked by the people they served.​

true

Many of the first law enforcement officers in London were corrupt and unsuccessful at stopping crime.​

true

The police subculture is characterized by cynicism, clannishness, secrecy, and insulation from others in society.

true

Most police agencies are organized in a(n) ______ manner.​

​hierarchical

The shire reeve was considered the first police officer in the United States.​

false

In medieval England, a collective group of 10 families that pledged to help one another and provide mutual aid was called a:

tythings.

________ is the requirement that a search warrant state precisely where the search is to take place and what items are to be seized.

Particularity

Which is not a condition necessary for a legal arrest?​

​The suspect consents to an interrogation.

All are procedural steps for serving a warrant except:​

​bringing a representative of the media.

​__________ is not one of the four major categories of police corruption.

​External corruption