Plant Science Lab Final

Research

systematic inquiry into a subject to discover new facts or principles.

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research

Qualitative research is subjective and assesses attitudes, opinions, behaviors, etc. Whereas, quantitative research is objective and asses more concrete observations and data

Please list the 6 basic components or steps, in order, of conducting research according to the scientific method

1. Ask a question.

2. Do background research.

3. Construct a hypothesis.

4. Test your hypothesis.

5. Analyze your data and draw a conclusion.

6. Communicate your results.

ecology

The study of the relationship of organisms and their environment or ecosystem

the 5 levles of ecological organization

a.     Biosphere, the global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms and their interactions.

b.     An ecosystem consists of a community of interacting and interdependent populations of plants, animals, and microorganisms and their physical environment.

c.     A community consists of all the populations of plants, animals, and microorganisms that share the same habitat and interact directly or indirectly with one another.

d.     Population is a group of individuals of the same species that occupies a distinct space and possess characteristics that are unique to the group.

e.     Individuals are locally interacting, interbreeding groups of individuals of the same species that forms populations.

climate

refers to the temperature, humidity, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions over a long period of time

define competition

when more than one organism draws on a resource that is in short supply

What is unique about legumes and what do they contribute to an ecosystem

Legumes can fix nitrogen in the soil by the symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria which can enrich the soil with nitrogen and reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers

Why did we, as the scientific community, classify plants? Consider the concepts of common vs botanical names.

a.     The botanical names are uniform and accepted internationally that classifies the plants, while the common names can vary depending on the geographical location. Common names are not uniform and can vary from person to person.

How does a dichotomous key work

a.     A dichotomous key works as a process of elimination by making yes or no decisions to characteristics offered in the key. As you make the decisions, you eliminate the alternative and thus move forward to the next pair of choices.

what is a cotyledon

leaflike structure at the first node of the seedling stem.

monocotyledon

parallel venation

dicotyledon has what type of venation

complex

simple vs compound

a.     Simple leaves feature a single, undivided or slightly incised leaf blade, whereas compound leaves consist of multiple leaflets arranged on one leaf blade.

5 components of leaf division

shapes, bases, apices, margins, arrangements

identify the parts of the leaf

1. apex

2. vein

3. midvein/midrib

4. margin

5. base

6. petiole

7. blade

difference between complete and an incomplete flower

a.     A complete flower contains four parts: sepals, petals, stamen, and the pistil.

b.     An incomplete flower lacks one or more of the four parts: sepals, petals, stamen, and the pistil.

 

difference between perfect and imperfect flowers

a.     A perfect flower contains a stamen and a pistil.

b.     imperfect flowers are missing either the stamen (containing only pistils) or the pistil (containing only stamen).

 

monoecious vs dioecious

a.     Monoecious plants have both male and female parts in their flowers on the same plant.

b.     Dioecious plants have a male plant separate from the female plant. Male and female flowers are on different plants.

determinate growth

Determinate, or bush, types of plants produce a full crop all at once and reach a specific height before ceasing growth. These plants are typically favored by commercial growers who aim to harvest an entire field simultaneously.

indeterminate growth

a.     develop vines that never cease growing and continue producing fruit until they are killed by frost. These plants keep growing and producing along the stems throughout the entire growing season and usually require a trellis or support system. Most heirloom tomatoes exhibit indeterminate growth.

identify the numbered flower components in the above diagram

1. anther

2. filament

3. stamen

4. stigma

5. style

6. ovary

7. pistil

8. ovule

9. receptacle

10. bract

11. sepal

12. petal

13. perianth

what is a seed

a mature ovule with 3 basic parts

3 basic parts of a seed

embryo

food storage tissue

seed coat

difference between fruit and a vegetable

fruit is a seed bearing structure that develops from the ovary of a flowering plant

a vegetable contains roots, stems, and or leaves

APHIS

animal and plant health inspection service

this service protects animal agriculture from pests and diseases and regulate biotechnology products that could pose a risk

EPA

environmental protection agency

This agency regulates sale, distribution, and use of all pesticides. They also set tolerance limits for residues of pesticides on and in food and animal feed.

FDA

food and drug administration

The FDA oversees safety and proper labeling of all plant-derived food and feed (including GM), and they make sure all food meets the same standards.

If you or your family performed large-scale agriculture production, would you choose a GE crop over a non-GE crop? Why or why not?           

The reason why I would choose a GE crop over a non-GE crop depends on several factors. These include: many GE crops are often designed to be more resistant to pests, diseases and adverse weather conditions which can help increase the yield of crops. GE crops can also reduce the use of chemical pesticides and herbicides which can benefit soil and water quality.

3 fates of light

reflected

transmitted

absorbed

wavelength range in nm that plants absorb

400 nm to 700 nm

phototropism

growth of plants and their parts towards (or away) from a light source

two unique abilities that plants posses to adjust for phototropism

acclimation which is the increase in plant stress tolerance due to exposure in prior stress and could involve changes in gene expression

plasticity which is the ability to adjust morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically in response to the changes in the environment

photoperiodism

regulation of biological processes according to relative lengths of day and night

grouping of photperiodism

short day

long day

day neutral

lumens

the total amount of light emitted by the light source. It indicates how efficiently the light source converts power into visible light. Bulbs usually have ratings

lux

the amount of light output in a given area. The total amount of visible light present and the intensity of the illumination on a surface

PAR

photosynthetic active radiation (quality or type). The band of wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm. Plants use this range of electromagnetic radiation to preform photosynthesis

PPFD

photosynthetic photon flux density (quantity). A measure of the PAR photons that are actually hitting the plant. PPFD measures how many photons are hitting an area per second. Reported in micromoles per square meter per second

2 locations photosynthesis takes place

thylakoid membrane (in chloroplasts)

chloroplast stroma

6 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

light quality

light intensity

CO2 concentration

heat

water availability

plant development and source-sink relationship

how does light intensity affect the foliage of plants

light intensity affects photosynthesis efficiency, leaf size and thickness, growth patterns, and pigmentation of the individual leaves

2 forms or types of plant propagation

sexual which involves a seed

asexual which involves vegetative tissue such as roots, stems, and leaves

list and describe 2 primary activities used to enhance seed germination and/or break seed dormancy

scarification: physical modification of the seed coat

stratification: cold treatment

3 reasons why we might want to graft a plant

pest resistance

improve root system

enhance vigor or growth

most important factor affecting success of grafting and budding

must properly match cambium layers

pest

organism that reduces the availability, quality, or value of a human resource

integrated pest managment (IPM)

a.     An integrated ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests and their damage thorough a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties.

3 essential component for disease to develop

susceptible host, pathogen, favorable environment

3 general strategies in IPM

preventative:pest free seeds

cultural: cultivation to prevent weedy growth

suppressive: use of biological control

tolerable injury

amount of pest damage can be tolerated without significantly affecting yield

treatment threshold

point at which pest populations or damage levels reach where intervention is required to prevent economic loss

how to distinguish abiotic disorder from biotic damage

abiotic: not contagious and does not spread to other plants

biotic: results from living organisms that can spread between plants often affecting specific species