ARC 2701 Exam 1

Blombos Cave
Location: Present-day South Africa
Inhabited: 100,000 to 70,000 BP (before present)

Blombos Cave
Location: Present-day South Africa
Inhabited: 100,000 to 70,000 BP (before present)

Rhino Cave
Location: Tsodilo Hills, present-day Botswana
Inhabited: Beginning roughly 70,000 BCE (before common era)

Rhino Cave
Location: Tsodilo Hills, present-day Botswana
Inhabited: Beginning roughly 70,000 BCE (before common era)

Sannai-Maruyama Site
Location: present-day Japan
Settled: roughly 4,000 to 2,000 BCE (before common era)

Sannai-Maruyama Site elevated storehouses for grain

Sannai-Maruyama Site pit houses

Göbekli Tepe
Location: Present-day Turkey
Inhabited: Roughly ca.
9,000 to 7,500 BCE (before common era)

Göbekli Tepe
Location: Present-day Turkey
Inhabited: Roughly ca.
9,000 to 7,500 BCE (before common era)

Çatal Hüyük
Location: Present-day Turkey
Inhabited: Roughly
7,400 to 5,500 BCE (before common era)

Çatal Hüyük
No streets, social life may have taken place on the rooves of buildings, seemingly no hierarchy, may have been two settlements opposite a body of water

Çatal Hüyük
Location: Present-day Turkey
Inhabited: Roughly
7,400 to 5,500 BCE (before common era)

Tell es-Sawaan
Location: Present-day Iraq
Inhabited: Roughly
6,000 to 3,500 BCE (before common era)

image might be rotated on the exam.

Has streets and separated buildings, had a wall & moat around the city, T shaped buildings, buildings seem to have specific purposes

Stonehenge

Location: present-day Wiltshire, England
Built: beginning ca. 3,000 BCE

Carnac stones
Location: Carnac, present-day France
Built: ca. 3,500 BCE (before common era)

Carnac stones
Location: Carnac, present-day France
Built: ca. 3,500 BCE (before common era)

Crucuno dolmen
Location: present-day Brittany, France
Built: ca. 4,000 BCE (before common era)

Newgrange
Location: present-day County Meath, Ireland
Built: ca. 3,200 BCE (before common era)

Newgrange sections

A tumulus, on the winter solctice the sun shines through an opening above the entrance

Megalithic Temples of Malta
Location: present-day Malta
Built: ca. 3,600 to 2,500 BCE (before common era)

Megalithic Temples of Malta
found models of the temples and places for cattle - maybe something like temple tourism

Eridu (city)
Location: present-day Iraq
Founded: ca. 5,400 BCE (before common era)

Eridu (city)
Location: present-day Iraq
Founded: ca. 5,400 BCE (before common era)

Ediru (temple)
In the center of the city, started as a very small building that was built up over time

White Temple
Location: Uruk, present-day Iraq
Begun: ca. 4,000 BCE (before common era)

White Temple
Location: Uruk, present-day Iraq
Begun: ca. 4,000 BCE (before common era)

Ziggurat at Ur (reconstructed)
Location: Ur, present-day Iraq
Built: ca. 2,100 BCE (before common era)

Ziggurat at Ur
built for the moon goddess Nanna, connected to the Euphrates river

Mari (city)
Location: on the Euphrates, present-day Syria
Inhabited: ca. 2,950 to 1,760 BCE (before common era)

Mari (city)
Location: on the Euphrates, present-day Syria
Inhabited: ca. 2,950 to 1,760 BCE (before common era)

Palace at Mari

Step Pyramid of Djoser (Zoser)
Reigned: ca. 2,686–2,613 BCE
Location: Saqqara, present-day Egypt
Built: ca. 2,630 BCE

Step Pyramid of Djoser (Zoser)
Reigned: ca. 2,686–2,613 BCE
Location: Saqqara, present-day Egypt
Built: ca. 2,630 BCE

Step Pyramid of Djoser (Zoser)
Reigned: ca. 2,686–2,613 BCE
Location: Saqqara, present-day Egypt
Built: ca. 2,630 BCE

Bent Pyramid of Snefru (Snofru)
Reigned: ca. 2,613–2,589 BCE
Location: Dahshur, present-day Egypt
Built: ca. 2,600 BCE

Bent Pyramid of Snefru (Snofru)
Reigned: ca. 2,613–2,589 BCE
Location: Dahshur, present-day Egypt
Built: ca. 2,600 BCE

Snefru’s failed attempt, later built over by Khufu

Red Pyramid of Snefru (Snofru)
Reigned: ca. 2,613–2,589 BCE
Location: Dahshur, present-day Egypt
Built: ca. 2,600 BCE

Palace at Knossos
Location: Knossos, present-day Crete
Built: ca. 1,700 to 1,400 BCE

Palace at Knossos

lots of small rooms, public access to the courtyard where ceremonies took place, built to face mount Juktas

Hattusas
Location: present-day Bogazköy, Turkey
Built: ca. 1,600 BCE

Hattusas Lion Gate

Hattusas Royal Palace

Built in the lower city, made of interconnected mud bricks to protect from earthquakes

Mycenae
Location: Mycenae, present-day Greece
Built: ca. 1,600 to 1,100 BCE

Mycenae Lion Gate

The whole city wall was built with huge stones called “cyclopean masonry” because they look too large for humans to handle

Mycenae
Location: Mycenae, present-day Greece
Built: ca. 1,600 to 1,100 BCE

Treasury of Atreus
Location: Mycenae, present-day Greece
Built: ca. 1,300 to 1,250 BCE

Treasury of Atreus
burial chamber of Agamemnon

Pyramids of Meroë

Location: present-day Sudan

Temple Complex at Karnak

Location: present-day Egypt

Temple Complex at Karnak

Location: present-day Egypt

Temple Complex at Karnak

Location: present-day Egypt

Remains of the Alar of Zeus at Pergamon

Location: present-day Turkey

Built: 200 to 150 BCE

Model of the Alar of Zeus at Pergamon

Location: present-day Turkey

Built: 200 to 150 BCE

The Sanctuary at Samos

Location: present-day Greece

Built: 700 BCE

Dûr-Sharrukin (Khorsabad)
Location: present-day Khorsabad, Iraq
Built: ca. 717 to 706 BCE

Dûr-Sharrukin (Khorsabad)
Location: present-day Khorsabad, Iraq
Built: ca. 717 to 706 BCE

Royal Palace Dûr-Sharrukin (Khorsabad)
Location: present-day Khorsabad, Iraq
Built: ca. 717 to 706 BCE

Babylon
Location: near present-day Hillah, Iraq
Rebuilt: ca. 605 BCE

Babylon
Location: near present-day Hillah, Iraq
Rebuilt: ca. 605 BCE

South Palace, Babylon

Persepolis
Location: Persepolis, present-day Iran
Built: ca. 515 to 330 BCE

Persepolis
Location: Persepolis, present-day Iran
Built: ca. 515 to 330 BCE

Naqsh-e Rostam

Location: present-day Marvdasht, Iran
Built: ca. 550 to 350 BCE

Great Wall
Location: present-day China
Built: in stages, from ca. 221 BCE (Qin Dynasty) to 1,644 CE (Ming Dynasty)

Tomb of the First Emperor
Location: present-day Xi’an, China
Built: ca. 246–210 BCE

Tomb of the First Emperor
Location: present-day Xi’an, China
Built: ca. 246–210 BCE

The Social Package ca. 100,000 BP (what defined life approximately 100,000 years ago)

• tools

• ochre

• symbolic expression

• sacred landscape

• dance

• bands/kin based groups

Ochre

• red, yellow, green, brown pigment from clay

• used to paint clothing, skin, and caves

• can represent blood, menstruation, birth, women, vitality, earth

• often mixed with sweet smelling plants

• used in death rituals for ancestors to find the deceased from their smell

Gravettian Culture

• present-day Europe, about 26,000-20,000 BP

• cold-weather hunting for big game (mammoths, reindeer)

• organized communal hunting (mostly by men)

• clothing and footwear manufacture (mostly by women), including ceremonial clothing

• gendered division of labor

• portable Venus figures

• bear worship

• shamanism

Venus cults

venus figures representing protection & fertility are left on the ground while the group migrates

Tipi/goahti

• goahti made by Sami people in Sweden and Norway

  • doorway facing east

  • compression ring holds sticks/poles together, fabric layed on top

• tipi made by native americans

  • outer skin is stitched on like a jacket to hold the sticks together

  • has an opening like a window to let smoke out, but can close to keep out weather.

  • when the poles age they are cut down for other uses

  • the outside skin can be painted or decorated to show who lives inside

• both are easily built and dismantled

Sweat Lodge

An enclosed stone structure, functions like a sauna, sweating makes someone shine which helps them to speak with gods or ancestors.

Holocene

• Geological epoch (basically just a long period of time)

• started at the end of the last major ice age (about 11,700 years ago) and continues to present

• Also called Anthropocene

Pacific Ocean Salmon Culture Crescent

Jōmon People

• present-day Japan, about 10,000 BP (before present)

• people of the Sannai-Maruyaba Site

• made bone tools and clay pottery and figurines

• built pit houses, communal longhouses, and raised storehouses

Pit House

• living space dug partially or fully into the ground and covered in earth

• meant to keep a group of people warm

Yup'ik, Koyukon, and Iñupiat People

• present-day Alaska, about 5,000 BP (before present)

• fish in kayaks with spears in the Pacific Ocean

• migrated seasonally to the same places

• lived in communal housing separated by gender

• larger pit houses wooden on the inside but still covered in earth

Haida People

• present-day British Colombia, Canada, about 3,000 BP (before present)

• hunted grey whales & moved with their migration

• used spears with a floating bladder attached to track whales

• used dugout canoes carved out of one large tree

• had potlatches with neighboring groups

• pit houses facing the water

• totem poles used to show social status and also the triumphs of the people living there

• red cedar spiritually important

Present-day First Societies

• savannah and scrubland societies:

  • !Kung in southern Africa

  • Aboriginal in Australia

• steppe and cold-weather hunting societies:

  • Sami in Sweden and Norway

  • Kets and Nenets in Russia

  • Inuits in Alaska

• forest and river societies:

  • Bambuti in Central Africa

  • Andaman Islanders in India

  • Batek in the Phillipines

  • Nanai in Siberia

Pastoralism

social organization based on livestock raising as the primary economic activity

Agropastoralism

social organization based on the growing of crops and the raising of livestock as the primary means of economic activity

• creates more gendered division of labor - gave women more important jobs

Bull and Cow Cults

Cattle are revered in many societies. Often they are killed only for ritual, not for eating.

!Kung People

• a current first society in southern Africa

• villages are arranged in a circle around a central fire, usually beneath a tree

Stele/stela

an upright stone slab or column typically bearing a commemorative inscription or relief design, often serving as a gravestone

Second Burial

In societies that have two burials, the first is an informal ceremony, often called a “sky burial” for the body to decompose, often in a communal grave. For the second burial, the bones are collected, often all at the same time at one point of the year. The bones could be buried in a specific place with the family, or used by the family otherwise.

Menhir

a large standing stone that may be found as a single upright
monolith, or as part of a group of similar stones

Alignment

They tend to be in two distinct types, namely large stones with wide spaces and smaller stones more closely spaced. Sometimes its a single row and sometimes there are parallel rows.

Dolmen

a structure of upright stones supporting a horizontal capstone roof.

Tumulus

If a dolmen is covered with earth or small stones it is called a barrow or, more generically, a tumulus. However, not all tumuli have a tomb within.

Its a giant circular dolmen covered with earth.

Cursus

an avenue-like construction defined by ditches that crosses the landscape. Some stretched for several kilometers and are mainly found in England.

Henge

a circular arrangement of stones, or timber posts and/or ditches

Elements of the First Cities in Marshes

• Tell es-Sawwan, Eridu, Uruk, Susa, Mari,

• Grain specialization for trade surplus

• Control of irrigation

• Control of people and trade for:

  • wood for houses

  • baked bricks for temples

  • copper for ritual objects and
    prestige

• The creation of:

  • temples

  • a pantheon of gods (Abu, Anu,
    Enki, Enlil, and Inanna, among the
    most important)

  • an army

  • a bureaucracy

Mastaba

Type of ancient Egyptian tomb where the burial chamber is on top of a rectangular structure made of mud-brick or stone.

Serdab

part of a mastaba with a statue of the deceased, either concealed or accessible only by a narrow passage

Hypostyle Hall

a large hall-like structure with a roof supported by numerous columns. The columns are painted like flowers, so it is meant to feels like a giant flower field.

Pylon

the gate towers flanking the entrance to an ancient Egyptian temple

Propylon

an outer monumental gateway before the main gateway of a temple

Megaron

he great central hall of an ancient Mycenaen house usually containing a center hearth

Tholos

a circular tomb of beehive shape approached by a horizontal passage in the side of a hill