Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

19th Century

Era of challenges and response

Period of major changes which affected men and society

6 Important Changes during the 19th Century

* Struggle for Nationalism


* Gradual Spread of Democracy
* Modernization of Living through the Industrial Revolution
* Advance of Science
* March of Imperialism
* New Current in the movement of thought and growing confidence in progress

Nationalism

Feeling of oneness by a group of people who believe that they possess common tradition, culture and common ideas or goals

French Revolution

Put an end to the feudal system and France’s absolute monarchy as well as changed the country’s entire political landscape

American Revolution

Epic political and military struggle of the 13 North American Colonies with the British Imperial Rule

Liberal/Liberalism

A country should be free from domination and that a country should enjoy liberty, equality and opportunity. It should be free from the rule of monarchs and kings

Greece

Gained independence from Turkey in 1830

Norway

Gained independence from Sweden in 1905

Camillo Cavour, Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garbald

United Italy in 1861

Who united Italy in 1861

Camillo Cavour, Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garbald

Simon Bolivar

Freed New Granada (Columbia and Panama), Venezuela and Quito, Bolivia and parts of Peru

Jose San Martin

Freed Argentina, Chile, and parts of Peru

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

* hardwork → machine work
* domestic system → factory system
* Improved Transportation and Communication

Laissez-faire Policy

Policy implemented by Liberals to stimulate economic growth (growth of factories) which led to the industrialist becoming richer and the working men poorer

Socialist (Industrial Revolution)

A response to the inequality between the rich and the poor:

* The government should own and manage means of production
* Should benefit all not only a few people
* If capitalists controlled the economy → no democracy

Communist (Industrial Revolution)

From the communist manifesto:

* Abolition of private land
* Centralization of means of production to State
* Abolition of inheritance
* Confiscation of property of emigrates and rebels

Catholicism (Industrial Revolution)

by Pope Leo XIII in Reform Novarum

* Rights must be religiously respected
* Duty of public authority to prevent and punish injury
* Poor have special reconsideration in questioning their rights
* State has the right to regulate the use of private property
* Workers have the right to create a union

Scientific Revolution

led to the rise of empiricism, new inventions and discoveries

during the 19th Century

Modern Imperialism

Conquering new territories for mire raw materials, market for goods, food, surplus of population and investment. Extend control and power to more territories

Growing confidence on progress inspires optimism

Man made considerable progress in the fields of:

Democracy, Education, Science, Public Health, Literature, Music and Art

Reign of King Ferdinand VIII in 1808-1833

Start of political chaos in the country which affected the Philippines through shift in colonial officials. from 1835-1877 there were 50 governor-generals

Secularization in the Philippines

The King of Spain and Pope wanted the the PH parishes to be managed by secular priests mandated by the Council of Trent

Priests from Spain / Regular Priests

* established the country’s parishes
* part of religious order

Religious Order

* Augustinians
* Recollects
* Jesuits
* Franciscans
* Dominicans

Secular Priests

Native priests that are part of a particular diocese

Corrupt Colonial Officials

regard the Filipinos as “inferior beings“

Spanish Penal Code

* Heavier punishments to Filipinos/Mestizos
* Lighter punishment to Spaniards

Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo

Ordered the execution of the GomBurZa

Admiral Jose Malcampo

Good moro fighter but was weak and inept

Gen Fernando Primo de Rivera

Accept bribes from casinos in Manila

Gen Valeriano Weyler

Cruel and corrupt, went to the PH poor and returned a millionaire in Spain

Gov-Gen Camilo de Polavieja

Responsible for the execution of Jose Rizal

Ventura Delos Reyes

Represented the Philippines in Spanish Parliament in drafting the 1812 Constitution

(did not participate in the drafting, only signed then was changed again)

Abolished the Galleon Trade

Maladministration of Justice in the Philippines

* COurts of justice were notoriously corrupt
* Wealth, skin color and social prestige affects outcome
* Justice can easily be delayed

Racial Discrimination

Filipinos called Spaniards “Bangus“

Spaniards called Filipinos “Indio“

Frailocracy

Friars controlled religion and education thereby gaining political power, influence and riches

Polo y Servicios

Compulsory Labor (Polo) to build public buildings and etc..

Guardia Civil

“Police force“

Suppressing bandits but very abusive

Rizal witnessed the discrimination of the Guardia Civil towards Filipinos himself

World trade in the Philippines

* 1834
* High demand for product from the Philippines
* sugar, coffee, tobacco and dyestuff

Principalia

* Rise of the middle class
* Mestizos (Chinese/Spanish) married Filipinos
* Has better housing and is able to send their children for higher education
* Usually through priesthood and seminars in Manila