he first coined the term cell; he observed thin slices of cork in the microscope
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schleiden, schwann, virchow
they fully understood the importance of cells in the living matter and concluded the "cell theory"
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prokaryote
resemble one another in form, having little internal organization and a strong cell wall encasing their exteriors; ex. Bacteria and cyanobacteria
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eukaryote
any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus; ex. plants and fungi
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cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
3 components of cell
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cytoplasm
gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell; the living matter within the cell, excluding the nucleus
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hyaloplasm
fluid and jellylike substance found in cytoplasm
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karyolymph
a clear liquid in the cell nucleus in which the nucleolus and chromatin and other structures are dispersed
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chromatin
thread-like materials that form a network within the nucleus; the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins
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nucleolus
the aggregate of granules made of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and located inside the nucleus.
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cell membrane
a thin membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell; gives form to the cell and controls the passage of materials in and out of cell.
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cell wall
in plants; found next to the cell membrane; provides support and may even keep the plant cells from bursting in hypoosmotic environments
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ribosome
synthesize protein molecules that may be used to build cell structures or to function as enzymes.
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endoplasmic reticulum
series of membranous channels that traverse the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells.
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rough er
ribosomes are attached to ER that gives them the rough appearance; associated with active protein synthesis process
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smooth er
does not contain ribosomes; involved in the synthesis and transport of lipids or detoxification of a variety of poisons within the cell
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golgi apparatus
responsible for the storage, modification and packing of materials produced for secretory export; also involved in the formation of lysosomes and other transport vesicles of the cell.
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mitochondria
releases energy from food molecules and transform energy into usable ATP which happens during cellular respiration
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chloroplast
responsible in the conversion of light energy to the chemical energy of sugars in the photosynthesis process in plants
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cristae
double-walled membranous sacs with folded inner partitions
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thylakoids
double membrane organelles with inner folds
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lysosome
responsible in the digestion of nutrients, bacteria, and damaged organelles
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apoptosis
a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself
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peroxisome
contain enzymes that detoxify harmful molecules; enzymes produced are involved in the oxidative deamination of amino acids and break down of hydrogen peroxide
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vacuole
membranous sacs that store and release various substances within the cytoplasm; responsible for cell’s enlargement and water balance
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cytoskeleton
used in the maintenance of the cell shape
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centrosome
a small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus; contains the centrioles (animal cells only) and serves to organize the microtubules
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cilia and flagella
are minute cytoplasmic projections (animal cells only); responsible to move particles along cell surface or to move the cell itself
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fibrils and microtubules
are thin, hollow tubes that support the cytoplasm and transport materials within the cytoplasm
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intracellular fluid
the inside environment of a cell is called the _; referred to all fluid contained in cytosol, organelles and nucleus
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extracellular fluid
the environment outside a cell is called the _; Plasma, the fluid part of blood, is the only compartment that links all cells in the body
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cytosol
the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended
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phospholipid bilayer
plasma (cell) membrane separates the inner environment of a cell from the extracellular fluid. It is composed of a fluid _.
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cholesterol, proteins, glycolipids and glycoproteins
4 other molecules found in the membrane
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nuclear envelope
separates the contents of the nucleus from the contents of the cytoplasm
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Nuclear pores
found in the envelope are small holes that control which ions and molecules (for example, proteins and RNA) can move in and out the nucleus
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Transport Vesicles
Move substances between compartments inside cells
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Secretory Vesicles
Join with cell membrane to release contents, such as mucus to ECF
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osmosis
diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
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diffusion
the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration
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simple diffusion
molecules move down their gradients through the membrane; does not require the assistance of membrane proteins.
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Facilitated diffusion
_ is diffusion that is helped along (facilitated by) a membrane transport channel
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primary active transport
Transport that directly uses ATP for energy to transport all species of solutes across a membrane against their concentration gradient.
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Secondary active transport
_ moves multiple molecules across the membrane, powering the uphill movement of one molecule(s) (A) with the downhill movement of the other(s) (B)
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symporter
transport molecules in the same direction.
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Antiporters
transport molecules in opposite directions
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Fermentation and Respiration
two major strategies for energy conservation in chemoorganotrophs
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Fermentation
anaerobic catabolism; an organic compound is both an e- donor and an e- acceptor
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Respiration
an/aerobic catabolism; an e- donor is oxidized with O2/substitute as terminal e- acceptor
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Glycolysis
Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway, first step, common to all organisms, takes place in the cytoplasm, converts glucose a 6-carbon molecule into 2 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate, net gain of 2 ATP per 1 molecule of Glucose
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Alcoholic Fermentation
starts with glycolysis (net gain 2 ATP), lost Carbon is given off as carbon dioxide, both carbon dioxide and ethanol is release in to the environment as waste product
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Lactic acid Fermentation
starts with glycolysis (net gain of 2 ATP), allows glycolysis to continue with a small gain of ATP in addition to the ATP generated through aerobic pathway
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Aerobic Respiration
also begins with glycolysis (net gain of 2 ATP)
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Transition Reaction
each pyruvate molecule (3-C) loses a carbon, carbon is given off as carbon dioxide, acetyl (2-C) molecule is produced, acetyl combines with coenzyme A forming acetyl-coA
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Citric acid cycle
also known as Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 2 carbon molecules are released as carbon dioxide,
â–¸begins and ends with the same molecule, allows cycling â–¸ generates 1 ATP per cycle ( 2 ATP per glucose molecule since there are 2 acetyl-coA produced per glucose molecule) â–¸ generates NADH and FADH2
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Electron Transport Chain
stage where most ATPs from glucose are produced
involves electron carriers that pass the electrons from one to another