chapter 8 - specific learning disorders and literacy impairments

dyscalculia

a learning disorder associated with mathematics, including difficulty understanding numbers and math facts, completing math calculations, and processing numerical information

dysgraphia

a learning disorder associated with difficulty with writing

dyslexia

a learning disorder associated with reading; difficulty decoding and spelling words with inaccurate recognition of words when reading

executive functions

cognitive functions that include attention, memory, planning and inhibition

gestalt

gestalt imagery

use of language to help us think about what we seem hear, and feel

graphic organizers

organizational tools that visually arrange key words or concepts

learning disability

a term that was initially used to describe individuals with learning disorders or specific learning disorders related to challenges in reading, writing and math

metacognitive skills

the ability to think about one's thoughts, which is helpful for learning

occipital-temporal

area of the brain that stores the recognition and meaning of words that supports reading fluency

parietal-temporal

an area of the brain that facilitates word analysis and sounding out words

phonemic awareness

understanding that the sounds of spoken language or phonemes work together to make words

phonics

a technique to teach reading that focuses on the relationship between phonemes and graphemes ( the letters used to represent the sounds in written language)

phonological awareness

the awareness if the structures of sounds and syllables and how sounds make up syllable and syllables make up words

Print Awareness

knowledge that print carries a message and that there are print conventions (reading from left to write, etc)

reading comprehension

understanding the meaning of what is read, including both decoding and language comprehension

reading fluency

the ability to read text accurately, automatically, and with expression, while also understanding what is being read

semantic clustering

a technique of grouping items into semantic categories such as food, clothing, and animals

serial clustering

The tendency to more readily recall items presented at the beginning (primary effect) and toward the end (recency effect) in a free recall task

thinking maps

visual patterns used to map out content to define, classify, describe, sequence, and compare information that supports critical thinking and problem solving

vocabulary development

knowledge about the pronunciation, meaning, and use of words