Unification of Germany & Italy, Decline of Eastern Empires and Russia

Zollverein

an organization of german states with a standard money system for economic reasons. because of economic success germans pushed for political unity.

Otto von Bismarck

Prime Minister of Prussia under William I. Opposed democracy. "not by speeches, but by blood and iron." campaigned against socialists but it backfired. and he began socialist reforms

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals. success is the only thing that mattered

War with Denmark

War to gain control of Northern ports, joined by Austria. Austria and Prussia argue on how to split the spoils from denmark.

War with Austria

Austria and Prussia argue on how to split the spoils from denmark. Seven weeks war of 1866 which was won by Prussia. Prussia now controls all northern german states.

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia. Prussia wins, gaining 1 billion dollars from France and brought the southern german states with Prussia.

Resurgence Movement

italian nationalists began unification in the 1820s. In the 1820s - 1830s italian secret society called resurgence met. Brought the idea of national consciousness and discussed uniting and taking away power from controlling nations.

Mazzini's Young Italy

Reminded Italians of roman heritage, roman church, renaissance. "All is now changed we have no flag of our own, no voice among the nations of Europe." tried unifying italy

Cavour

Prime minister of Sardinia who worked to boost army build railroads, improve agriculture, and develop industry. built alliances with France and Britain. Joined in crimean war. Created war With Austria. United Northern Italy.

Crimean War

War fought between France, Britain and Sardinia vs Russia. Got closer with Britain and France. created a new prestige. created a treaty with france that if austria does anything france will help in a war.

France and Sardinia vs Austria

Cavour created a war with Austria. France kept its word and invaded . france and sardinia won many early battles. then france turned on sardinia and made an agreement with Austria. sardinia received Lombardy but not venetia.

Garibaldi & Red Shirts

an army of Italian patriots called red shirts. They invaded sicily to free them of spanish rule. "I offer neither pay nor provisions. I offer hunger thirst forced marches, battles and death. Let him who loves their country follow me." In two months they liberated sicily. Garibaldi wanted to take Rome but Cavour stopped him.

Victor Emmanuel II

He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savoy until when he was crowned the first king of a united Italy

Rome and Venetia

All of Italy was united by 1860 besides Rome and Venetia. Rome was defended by the church and Venetia was owned by Austria.

Nationalism

the feeling where you want to be ruled by your own nationality and not someone else. three multinational empires existed with strong feelings

Ottoman Empire

included greeks, bulgarians, macedonians, serbs, and romanians + egyptians and arabs. "the sick man of Europe". 1805 lost control of egypt, 1829 lost control of greece, 1830 france took algeria. everyone targeted pieces of the empire. Reforms are too late, russia joins to help the balkan rebels but the treaty of san stefano grants independence.

"the sick man of Europe"

Ottoman Empire because it was very weak and easily taken over. Lost lots of land.

Treaty of San Stefano

Treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire after the Balkan revolts. Granted independence to Serbia, Montenegro, Romania and Bulgaria.

Francis Joseph

Emperor of Austria who had to deal with the Magyars (hungarian nationalists), so he created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Created by Francis Joseph which stated there were two separate constitutions, two parliaments, each had complete control over international affairs, there was one monarch - francis joseph, and decisions of foreign affairs were made together. Did not address nationalists problems in the Balkans.

Magyars

Hungarian Nationalists

Nicholas I

Wanted to destroy all non-Russian activities and things, wanted to free serfs, wanted to educate, wanted to expand, BUT COULDN'T. Wanted to end all rebellion. - Imperial Russia

Alexander II

abolished serfdom, put zemstvos in place as an ideal government strategy/layout, built railroads, schools, modernized courts, underwent armed uprisings, and died to a bomb.

Emancipation

the abolition and abolishment of serfdom. Happened during the rule of Alexander II, in 1861. Free, but tied to the land.

Zemstvos

self government. Happened during Alexander II's rule and right after abolition of serfdom.

Russification

Only ONE religion - Russian Orthodox Church forced. Only ONE (Russian) Language. the push for all things nations under russian control to be more russian.

Alexander III

Cracked down on the people of Russia with Russification,continued and reinstated repression and censorship, and stuff

Crackdowns

repression was continued by Alexander III and censorship was reinstated and more state police and spies were there. Russification where only Russian was only language and only Russian Orthodox Churches were acceptable and forced - One Main Religion.

Industrialization

Trans-Siberian Railroad is built. Opposed by Nobles and Peasants - created Social Problems.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

a railroad that would eventually link Moscow to the Pacific port

Bloody Sunday

a peaceful protest led by priests that turned into a fatal killing spree by the guards of the czar's palace. Took place in Russia where unarmed men and women wanted reformation.

Revolution of 1905

discontent exploded, workers strikes, created Duma, won over moderates, soon repression was reinstated

October Manifesto

Created by Nicholas, a set of reforms made that included: Freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union. This put in place the Duma

Duma

executive council created by Nicholas I. It won over the moderates and reinstated repression soon after.