ANAPHY: U3.1 Cells

Cells

building blocks of all living beings

nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

3 main regions of cells

Function of the nucleus

control center of the cells and contains DNA

3 Regions of the Nucleus

Nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chromatin

Nuclear pores

part of the nuclear membrane that allows material exchange with the rest of the cell

Nucleolus

non-membrane bound organelle taking part in synthesis of ribosomes, including processing of rRNA and assembly of them into ribosome subunits

Mitosis, stress response, cell cycle regulation

what other cellular processes nucleus is involved in

DNA and proteins

what chromatin is composed of

Plasma membrane

barrier for cell contents

phospholipids, protein, cholesterol, glycoproteins

what the plasma membrane is composed of

microvilli

finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

tight junctions, desmosomes & hemidesmosomes, gap junctions

type of membrane junctions

Cytoplasm

material outside the nucleus and within the bounds of the plasma membrane

cytosol, organelles, inclusions

what cytoplasm contains

Cytosol

fluid that contains other elements

Organelles

metabolic machinery of the cell

Inclusions

non-functioning units

Ribosomes

organelle made of protein and RNA where protein synthesis occurs

cytoplasm and rough endoplasmic reticulum

where are ribosome located in the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

rough endoplasmic reticulum

ER with ribosomes where building materials of the cellular membrane are formed

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

golgi apparatus

modifies and packages proteins

types of packages produced by the golgi apparatus

secretory vesicles, cell membrane components, lysosomes

mitochondria

provide ATP for cellular energy, change shape constantly, and carry out reactions using oxygen to break down food

lysosomes

contain enzymes that digest non-usuable materials (waste) within the cell

peroxisomes

sacs of oxidase enzymes which detoxify harmful substances, break down free radicals, replicate by pinching in halves

radicals

atoms that block electrons that can cause mutations in the cell (cancer)

cytoskeleton

network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm; provides cell with an internal framework

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

types of cytoskeleton

centrioles

rod-shaped, microtubule-made organelle that directs the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

cilia and flagellum

types of cellular projections

cilia

moves materials across the cell surface; uses back and forth beating for movement

flagellum

propels the whole cell; uses propeller-like motion for movement

fibroblast and erythrocyte

cell(s) that connects body parts

epithelial cells

cell(s) that cover and line body organs

skeletal and smooth muscle cells

cell(s) that move organs and body parts

fat cell

cell(s) that stores nutrients

microphage cell

cell(s) that fight disease

nerve cell

cell(s) that gathers info and controls body functions

ovum and sperm

cell(s) of reproduction

membrane transport

movement of substance in and out of the cells

passive and active transport

2 types of membrane transport

passive transport

type of transport in which no energy required

active transport

metabolic energy required

solution

homogenous mixture of two or more components

solvent

dissolving medium

solutes

components in smaller quantities within a solution

intracellular fluid

nucleoplasm and cytosol

interstitial/extracellular fluid

fluid on exterior of the cell

selective permeability

property of the plasma membrane which allows some materials to pass while excluding others

diffusion

particles distribute themselves evenly within a solution; move from a high to low concentration gradient

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

types of diffusion

simple diffusion

solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

osmosis

highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane

facilitated diffusion

substances require a protein carrier for transport

filtration

water and solutes are forced through membrane fluid or hydrostatic pressure

too large, unable to dissolve, move against concentration gradient

why substances are not able to pass by diffusion

solute pumping and bulk transport

forms of active transport

solute pumping

how amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported; ATP energizes protein carriers since substances are usually move against concentration gradients

exocytosis and endocytosis

types of bulk transport

exocytosis

moves materials out of the cell

endocytosis

extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membrane vesicle

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

types of endocytosis

phagocytosis

cell “eating”

pinocytosis

cell “drinking”

interphase and cell division

major periods of the cell life

interphase

cell grows and carries on metabolic processes

cell division

cell replicates itself to produce more cells for growth and repair

nucleus

mitosis is the division of the ___

cytoplasm

cytokinesis is the division of the ___

interphase

“stage” of mitosis where no cell division occurs and the cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth

prophase

mitotic stage in which centromeres migrate to the poles

metaphase

mitotic stage in which spindle from centromeres attach to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell

anaphase

mitotic stage in which daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles

telophase

mitotic stage in which daughter nuclei begin forming; cleavage furrow begins to form

act as enzymes and build materials for cells

function of proteins

tRNA, rRNA, mRNA

types of RNA

transfer RNA

transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein

ribosomal RNA

helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

messenger RNA

carries instructions for building a protein from nucleus to ribosome

transcription

transfer of info from DNA’s base sequence to complimentary base sequence of mRNA

translation

base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence