ch21 AP

1.     Three layers of blood vessels, and comparison between arteries and veins

Veins lack int +ext elastic membranes. Arteries have lots of smooth muscle in media + none in externa. Veins have none in media + some in externa. Both have endothelium + collagen + elastic fibers

1.     Systemic circuit contains ______________% of blood volume, while the pulmonary circuit contains ___________% of blood volume

84, 9

1.     List 2 branches off ascending aorta and 3 branches off aortic arch.

R + L coronary aorta

brachiocephalic trunk, L common carotid artery, L subclavian artery

1.     Where is the best place to place a stethoscope to measure blood pressure?

L brachial artery

1.     Baroreceptors located where in carotid?

5. Where carotid splits into internal and external carotid arteries

1.     In the neck and limbs, there is only one set of (arteries/veins). Circle one, and explain why

One set of arteries. It’s deep to minimize heat loss

1.     (Arterial/Venous) system controls body temp. Circle one

venous

1.     1^st and 2^nd choices to draw blood from arm.

8. 1^st choice: median cubital vein; 2^nd choice: median antebrachial vein

1.     Azygos v drains blood into _____________, while hemiazygos v drains blood into ___________and _______________.

superior vena cava, left brachiocephalic vein + azygos vein

1.     Which size(s) of veins contain valves?

some small veins + all middle + large

1.     Difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis is calcium deposits, arteries get hard and diameter stays the same. Atherosclerosis is plaque buildup, increasing diameter.

1.     Aneurysm is a result of what?

Weak spot in elastic fibers of artery

1.     Three types of capillaries and examples of where to find them

(1) Continuous – most parts of body.

(2) Fenestrated – median eminence of hypothalamus

(3) Sinusoid – liver, bone marrow, spleen, pituitary

1.     Blood flow in capillary beds are controlled by _______________________

Pre-capillary sphincters

1.     What is arteriovenous anastomosis?

It allows blood to bypass the capillary plexus and go straight from the arteriole to the venule.

1.     Vasoconstriction causes blood pressure to _______________________

increase

1.     Factors influencing varicose veins

Constipation, prolonged sitting, pregnancy, smoking, excessive consumption of alcohol/caffeine

1.     What is capacitance of blood vessel?

the amount of blood a vessel can hold. veins > arteries

1.     What is venous reserve reaction?

In response to a hemorrhage, blood shifts from the liver, digestive system, skin, and lungs to the general circulation

1.     The majority of the blood is found in the (arteries/veins). Circle one

Veins. 64%

1.     Normal blood pressure

130/80 mmHg

1.     Capillary pressure

35-18 mmHg

1.     Venous pressure

18 mmHg in venules, 2 mmHg in vena cava

1.     Pulse pressure

systolic - diastolic. (so like PP=130-80=50)

1.     Equation for Mean arterial pressure

MAP = DP + (PP/3). (ex: MAP = 80 + 50/3)

1.     How does length of vessel affect resistance and flow?

L↑, R↑, F↓

1.     How does diameter affect resistance and flow?

D↑, R↓, F↑

1.     Two factors that assist venous return

compression + respiratory pump

1.     Where do filtration and reabsorption occur in the capillary network, and how do these processes happen?

Filtration: Near arteriole end. arterial pressure is higher, which pushes fluid out to tissues.

Reabsorption: Near venule end of a capillary bed. venous pressure is lower than osmotic pressure of tissues, which causes fluid to move into veins

1.     Difference between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

• hydrostatic Forces water out of blood vessel solution. filtration

• osmotic Forces water into blood vessel solution. reabsorption

1.     Two mechanisms of autoregulation

Vasodilation (decrease in O2, decrease in pH, increase CO2)

Vasoconstriction (wound, cold)

1.     Two mechanisms of neural reflex control

Baroreceptor reflex (activated by increase in BP)

Chemoreceptor reflex (activated by increase in H+ ion or CO2)

1.     Endocrine mechanisms for cardiac function

(1) ADH (+) vasoconstriction, (+) blood volume.  

(2) Angiotensin II increases cardiac output.  

(3) EPO increases RBCs and O2.  

(4) ANP decreases BP

1. During exercise, tissue blood flow remains the same in __________________ and decreases in ____________________

Brain; Kidney and abdominal viscera

1.     The hepatic portal vein collects blood from which veins?

Superior/Inferior mesenteric veins, splenic vein, R+L gastric veins, cystic vein

1.     What are two functions of the hepatic portal vein?

(1) Transport nutrients to liver.  

(2) stabilize blood concentrations after food intake

1.     flow of blood?

a.     Arteries  Capillaries  Veins  Hepatic portal vein  Capillaries in liver  Hepatic vein  Inferior vena cava  Heart

1.     Equation for Net filtration pressure

NFP = Capillary hydrostatic pressure – blood colloid osmotic pressure.

1.     Which organ is the largest collection site of lymphoid tissues?

spleen

1.     Lymph is similar to plasma, except that lymph does not contain ________________.

plasma proteins

1.     How many lymphatic ducts do humans have? What are their names, and where do they empty?

2. thoracic duct: L subclavian vein. R Lymphatic duct: R subclavian vein

1.     B and T lymphocytes are part of (specific/nonspecific defenses). Circle one

specific

1.     Which capillary type has a larger diameter: blood capillaries or lymphatic capillaries?

lymphatic

1.     What is the cisterna chyli, and where is it located?

enlarged site on thoracic duct

1.     T cells account for _________% of all lymphocytes, while B-cells account for ____________% of all lymphocytes. The remaining 5-10% is composed of what cells?

80; 10-15; natural killer cells

1.     What are four types of T-cells? Include a brief description of each one’s function.

cytotoxic: attack virus-infected cells + produce cell-mediated immunity

memory: in response to foreign bodies + remain in body to give immunity

helper: simulate T+B cells

suppressor: inhibit T+B

regulatory: helper + suppressor T cells + control immune response sensitivity

1.     Where do plasma cells originate?

B cells

1.     Where do T-cells mature? What helps their maturation?

thymus; thymosins

1.     Lymphopoiesis involves which three organs?

bone marrow

thymus

peripheral lymphoid tissues

1.     What is the main structural difference between lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs?

organs have fibrous capsule

1.     Lymph nodes are considered to be (lymphoid tissue/lymphoid organ). Circle one

organ

1.     The tonsils are considered to be (lymphoid tissue/lymphoid organ). Circle one

tissue

1.     List the tonsils in descending order by location (superior to inferior).

pharyngeal, palatine, lingual

1.     The pharyngeal tonsil is paired. True or False.

false

1.     In the lymph nodes, there you will find (one/many) afferent vessel(s) and usually (one/many) efferent vessel(s). Circle the correct answers.

many, one

1.     Lymphadenopathy may indicate what disorder?

infection, cancer, or endocrine disorder

1.     How is the cortex of the thymus different from the medulla?

The cortex contains immature T cells, while the medulla contains mature T cells. The medulla does not have a blood-thymus barrier, while the cortex does

1.     What are two important functions of REC’s?

maintain blood-thymus barrier + secrete thymosins

1.     What ligament connects the spleen to the stomach?

gastro-splenic ligament

1.     What are the structural and functional differences between the red and white pulp of the spleen?

RED: contains primarily macrophages; removes abnormal and old red blood cells; stores iron

WHITE: contains primarily lymphocytes; has central artery; functions to initiate immune response

1.     Complement is part of the nonspecific/specific defense system. Circle one.

nonspecific

1.     Which cells in the CNS are involved with non-specific immunity?

microglia

1.     What are two functions of NK cells?

(1) Protect against virus and cancer cells

(2) release proteins (perforin) to lyse membranes of pathogenic cells

1.     What are interferons, and what do they do?

Chemicals released by infected cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages to protect against viruses. They act to alert neighboring cells of an attack.

1.     Complement works against bacteria/viruses. Circle one.

1.     Bacteria

1.     What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Swelling, redness, heat, pain

1.     What is the chemical that causes fever?

Pyrogen (Interleukin-1)

1.     What is Opsonization?

Opsonization increases phagocyte efficiency by coating a pathogen with antibodies.

1.     Specific defenses include _____________ immunity and ___________ immunity.

• Cell-mediated = T cells

• Humoral = B cells / antibodies

1.     What are antigen presenting cells?

Cells that display antigens to T cells

Examples:

• macrophages

• dendritic cells

• B cells