S literacy CST 221 part 1

affix

-syllables attached to the beginning or end of a wrod to make a derivative or inflectional form of a word

-both prefixes and suffixes are affixes

prefix

a syllable that appears at the beginning of a word that, in combination with the root or base word, creates a specific meaning (ie: pro-, re-, un-)

root word

a base of a word to which affixes can be added.

-ie: in- or pre- can be added to -vent to create invent or prevent

suffix

a syllable that appears at the end of a word that, in combination with the root or base word, creates a specific meaning.

-three types: noun, verb, adjectival

noun suffixes

there are two types of noun suffixes:

1. denotes the act of, state of, or quality of (for example, "ment" added to "argue" to become argument, which is the act of arguing)

2. denotes the doer, or who acts ("eer" added to "auction" becomes "auctioneer" meaning "one who actions," other examples include 'hood,' 'ness,' 'tion,' 'ship,' 'ism')

verb suffixes

these denote "to make" or "to perform the act of."

-for example "en" added to "soft" makes soften, which means "to make soft"

-other examples: -ate, -fy, -ize

adjectival suffixes

these include suffixes such as "ful," which means "full of." when added to "care," the word "careful" is formed, which means "careful." other examples are "ish," "less," and "able"

context clues

-words or phrases that help the reader figure out the meaning of an unknown word

-they are built into a sentence or paragraph by the writer to help the reader develop a clear understanding of the writer's message

-can be used to make intelligent guesses about the meaning of a word instead of relying on a dictionary

-the reason most vocabulary is learned through reading

-4 types of commonly used context clues: synonyms, antonyms, explanations, examples

context clue: synonym

a word with the same meaning as the unknown word is placed close by for comparison

context clue: antonym

a word with the opposite meaning as the unknown word is placed close by for contrast

context clue: explanations

an obvious explanation is given close to the unknown word

context clue: examples

examples of what the word means are given to help the reader define the term

comprehension

-the whole point of reading is to comprehend what someone else is trying to say through writing

-without it, you're just reading words without increasing knowledge

-comes from relating 2+ pieces of information

when do children have comprehension?

-when the student has the vocabulary and reading skills necessary to make sense of the whole picture, not just individual words

-when students can self-monitor

how can teachers help students improve comprehension?

-pre-reading titles

-sidebars

-follow up questions

-looking at illustrations

-predicting what's going to happen in the story

-asking questions to check understanding while reading

-connecting to background knowledge

-relating to the experiences or feeling of the characters

-model strategies during a read aloud outloud

questions to model aloud to build comprehension

-do a walk-through of the story illustrations and ask "what's happening here?"

-then ask "what's happening here" as you go along

-then ask students to predict what the story will be about

-as the teacher reads, ask open-ended questions "why do you think the character did this?" "how do you think the character feels?"

-ask students if they can relate or have background knowledge

-after reading, ask students to retell the story in their own words

where does prior knowledge come from?

-being read to at home

-taking part in other literacy experiences

-such as playing computer or word games

-being exposed to a print-rich environment at home

-observing examples of parents' reading habits

-literacy experiences at home

literal comprehension

-the skills a reader uses to deal with the actual words in a text

-involves skills like: identifying the topic sentence, main idea, important facts, and supporting details, using context clues to determine word meaning, and sequencing events

critical comprehension

-prior knowledge and an understanding that written material, especially in non-fiction is the author's version and not necessarily anybody's else

what goes into critical comprehension?

involves analysis of meaning

-evaluation

-validation

-questioning

-reasoning skills as a reader to recognize: inferences and conclusions; purpose, tone, POV, themes; the organizational pattern of a work; explicit and implicit relationships among words, phrases, and sentences; biased language, persuasive tactics, valid arguments, and the difference between fact and opinion

define metacognition

thinking about thinking

what does metacognition involve for students?

-taking control of their own learning process

-self-monitoring

-evaluating the effectiveness of strategies

-making adjustments about learning behaviors as needed

when students develop their metacognition skills, they become...

-more confident

-more independent

-adjustments to learning behaviors, as needed

-sense of ownership

-adjustments to learning strategies, as needed

3 categories of metacognition

1. awareness

2. planning

3. self-monitoring and reflection

awareness: metacognition

-involves prior knowledge

-defining learning goals

-using resources like textbooks, libraries, computers, and study time

-identifying task requirements and evaluation standards

-identifying motivation and anxiety levels

planning: metacognition

involves doing time:

-estimates for tasks

-prioritizing

-scheduling study time

-making checklists of tasks

-gathering materials

-choosing problem solving strategies

self-monitoring and reflection: metacognition

-identifying which strategies/techniques work best

-questioning the process

-considering feedback

-maintaining focus and motivation

metacognition skills include...

-taking an active role in reading

-recognizing reading behaviors and identifying if they're effective

-relating information to prior knowledge

-being aware of text structures

why is being aware of text structure essential?

essential because you need it to follow the author's ideas and relationships amongst ideas

why is it important to being aware of difficulties with text structure?

allows the student to employ strategies to fix the problems

-hierarchical summaries, thematic organizers, or concept maps

purpose of graphic organizers

-classify ideas

-communicate more efficiently, and effectively

-guide students through processes related to any subject area or tasks

examples of graphic organizers for reading

-beginning, middle, and end graphs or event maps

-story elements graphic organizer

-retelling graphic organizer

-character traits graphic organizer

examples of graphic organizers for science

-charts that show what animals need or how to classify living things

-ask and answer graphic organizers

-cause & effect graphic organizers

-claim, evidence, and reasoning graphic organizer

-planning chart for scientific method

examples of graphic organizers for math

-horizontal bar graphs

-time lines

-step-by-step

-decomposing numbers

examples of graphic organizers language arts

-include alphabet organizers

-charts showing components of an essay

examples of more general graphic organizers

-KWL charts

-weekly planners

graphic organizer

visual outlines or templates that help students grasp key concepts and master subject matter by simplifying them down to basic points