Immunology and Serology (OLFU)

Flashcards covering the key topics and concepts from the Immunology and Serology lecture notes.

Immunology

What is the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body?

Antigens

What term describes foreign substances that induce a host response?

Haeckel

He observed WBCs digesting dye particles - Phagocytosis

Elie Metchnikoff

Which scientist is known as the Champion of Cellular Immunity?

Ellie Metchnikoff

She made the cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis

Robert Koch

This scientist demonstrated cutaneous hypersensitivity and discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin

They discovered the first successful vaccine against tuberculosis, known as BCG.

Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler

Monoclonal antibody formation technique was developed by these scientists.

Yellow Fever vaccine.

What type of vaccine did Max Theiler develop?

Natural/Innate Immunity

The ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions is:

Intact skin, mucous membranes, ciliated epithelium, and the lacrimal apparatus

Name physical or structural barriers that prevent infectious agents from entering the body:

CRP (C-Reactive Protein)

What is the most common acute phase protein encountered in the laboratory?

Serum Amyloid A

Which protein removes cholesterol from the cytoplasm of activated macrophages?

Opsonins

Substances that Coat Microbes to make them prone to Phagocytosis:

Lymphocytes

Which WBCs are part of Adaptive Immunity?

Diapedesis

Movement of phagocytes accross of the walls of the blood vessels.

Mast cells

What cell is known as the tissue form of basophils?

False; granules DO contain peroxidase

T/F Monocytes granules do not contain peroxidase

Dendritic cells

Most potent phagocytic cell in the tissue:

Respiratory/Oxidative Burst

Occurs when the cytoplasmic pseudopods enclosed the particle within a vacuole:

Inflammation

What is the name given to the overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent?

Rubor(redness), Calor(heat), Tumor(swelling), Dolor(pain), and Functio Laesa(temporary loss of function)

Give the 5 Cardinal Signs of inflammation:

Myeloid lineage

These cells develop during the process of myelopoiesis and include Granulocytes, Monocytes, Megakaryocytes, and Dendritic Cells.

Acquired Immunity

Is known the type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen and the ability to remember a prior exposure (memory), which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure.

Bone Marrow

Which is the largest lymphoid organ in the body?

Mature T-Cells

Cells are found on the medulla of the thymus.

Antigen Dependent Stage of Lymphopoiesis

During which stage of lymphopoiesis does the activation of lymphocytes, take place?

Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath (PALS)

Where does T cells are found on the spleen?

Naïve B-cells/Virgin B-cells/Unstimulated//Inactivated B-cells

This is the type of B-cells that has no encountered with their corresponding antigen, yet.

Lymphadenopathy

The enlargement of the lymph nodes:

Tdt and RAG enzymes

Enzyme important to obtain the perfect sequence of DNA must be obtain to produce correct antibody molecule that has pro B cells.

AIDS

If not treated, HIV infection can lead to this disease:

Gamma Delta T-cells

This population of T cells, behaves like NK cells:

Convalescent/Recovering phase of infection

If positive test is detected with Dengue IgM and IgG; the phase of infection:

Antigen

A substance that reacts with antibody or sensitized T cells but may or may not provoke an immune response:

Immunogen

A macromolecule capable of eliciting the formation of immunoglobulins or sensitized cells in an immunocompetent host:

Fy(a-b-)

Blood type of people in Africa that never acquire malaria. That gives them resistance to some forms of malarial infections.

Hapten and Carrier

Name the two main parts of an antigen.

Paratope

What part of the antibody binds with the epitope of the antigen?

MHC Restriction or MHC Restricted Recognition

MHC control interactions between cells:

Organ Transplantation, Paternity Testing

Name a couple of applications of HLA typing/matching:

Antibodies

Glycoprotein substances synthesized by plasma cells in response to antigenic stimulation:

Immunoglobulins

These protein are parts of the humoral branch of the immune response.

Natural antibodies

These antibodies that are produced even without previous antigenic stimulation

Proline

This chain is responsible for the flexibility of the hinge.

VL and VH

This site contains variable regions of the light chains and it is where the antigen will bind.

CD16

What is present on the surface of NK cells that is the receptor for Fc?

Papain

Enzyme used to cleaves before the hinge of the antibody

J chain

This chain hich normally holds polymeric Ig.

IgG

What is the predominant Ig among humans comprising 75-80% of the total Ig pool?

IgG

Maternal _ is actively and selectively transferred across the placenta to the fetus and imparts passive protection to the newborn for 6-9 months.

IgE

What is the most heat labile immunoglobulin?

Interferons

This class of molecules has antiviral property and may also increase expression of MHC.

TH2

This cells produced cytokines that assist in antibody formation (antibody to combat extracellular pathogens.

Cytokine Strom

What is described as the overwhelming production of cytokines?

Cytokine Storm

This substance produce, are characterized by a clinical presentation of overwhelming systemic inflammation, hyperferritinemia, hemodynamic instability, and multi-organ failure, and if left untreated, it leads to death.

Blood, Semen, Vaginal secretios, Breast milk, and IV drug needles with blood

What are the five routes of transmission for HIV?

IV drug users, multiple sex partner, sexually transmitted disease

Name external risk factors of AIDS.

AIDS

This disorder develop after having recurrent infection of M. avium or M. tuberculosis.

Hypersensitivity

What is A heightened state of immune responsiveness. It is an exaggerated response to an innocuous antigen that results in gross tissue changes that are deleterious to the host?

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

Known the an immediate hypersensitivity, sudden allergic responses mediated by antibodies, primarily IgE.

Plant pollen, House dust mites and Some foods

Name some common triggers for Rhinitis:

Type 2 Hypersensitivity

This antibody involved, produce cell damage which is mediated by complement-fixing

Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

List 2 examples of Type 3 Hypersensitivity:

Organ Specific

Type of Autoimmunity in which the Lesions from damaged tissue and antibodies are directed towards a single target organ.

Defect in mechanisms underlying self-recognition

What defect, one of the possible reason behind the development of autoimmunity

Neoantigen

These are formed by the virtue of molecular mimicry

HLA DR-1 and DR-4

Autoimmune diseases inherit because has conneciotn in these HLA, (Rheumatoid Arthritis):

Anti-CCP (Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide)

Best known Antibody for Rheumatoid Arthritis:

HLA DR-2 and HLA DR-3

Autoimmune diseases inherit because of HLA DR in Lupus, 2 and 4, those number are:

Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA)

Best Antibodies known for SLE

Adjuvants

Important for immunomodulation , to prolong exposure of antigen to immune system; adjuvants will make the size of antigens bigger = making them more immunogenic

Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)

This is due to defect in cytochrome b oxidase, which results in decreased hydrogen peroxide production

MPO Deficiency

Disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and is one of the most common inherited disorders, affecting primary granules

Neonatal hypogammaglobulinemia

This Lymphocyte deficiency is caused by the normal immaturity of the neonates immune system.

CD4+-Positive and T Lymphocytes

Cells that HIV target:

Phagocyte

What type of immune cell engulfs and digests foreign particles and pathogens?

Vaccine

A substance that stimulates an immune response to create immunity against a specific disease.

Autoimmunity

What occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues?

Immunization

The process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent.

Latent infection

What type of infection occurs when a pathogen remains in the body in an inactive form?

Epitope

The specific region of an antigen that is recognized by an antibody?

Clonal Selection

The process through which specific lymphocytes are activated to produce an immune response

T-cell Activation

What process involves the stimulation of T-cells by antigens presented by other cells?

Humoral Immunity

What type of immunity is mediated by antibodies produced by B cells?

Cytotoxic T-cells

These are T cells that directly kill infected cells.

Helper T-cells

What type of T-cells assist other cells in the immune response?

Regulatory T-cells

What type of T-cells modulate the immune response and maintain tolerance to self-antigens?

Vaccination

What is the act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce immunity?

Antibody titer

What is the measure of the amount of antigen-specific antibodies in a sample?

Myasthenia Gravis

This autoimmune disorder affects the communication between nerves and muscles.

Multiple Sclerosis

What autoimmune condition involves the degeneration of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?