Midterm review

Jawn

gametes

sex cells (sperm or egg)

meiosis

process that makes gametes

haploid

1 set of chromosomes (sex cells)

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes (somatic cells)

crossing over

exchange of genetic info between homologous chromosomes (during prophase 1)

fertilization

combination of sperm and egg

ATP

universal energy molecule

cell respiration

Glucose is broke down to produce 38 ATP molecules. Oxygen is used in this process and carbon dioxide is given off.

glycolysis

1st step of cell respiration, splits glucose in half

Electron Transport Chain

Series of reactions that make the most ATP

aerobic

oxygen needed

anaerobic mean

-oxygen is not needed

Lactic acid fermentation

type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in animals cells when oxygen isn't available. makes 2 ATP and lactic acid

Alcoholic fermentation

type of anaerobic respiration done by yeast and some bacteria. makes 2ATP, ethyl alcohol and CO2

cell division

process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm during cell division

chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

centromere

area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

cell cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

centriole

tiny structures in animal cells that spindle fibers radiate out from.

spindle

microtubule protein fibers that help separate the chromosomes during mitosis

metaphase

second phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

anaphase

the third phase of mitosis during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

telophase

fourth and final phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense materials

cancer

disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth

chromatin

un-condensed version of chromosomes

G1

growth and activity period during Interphase

S phase

Stage of interphase where DNA is copied, "synthesis"

G2

last phase of interphase, preparation for mitosis

somatic cells

body cells, all cell except sperm and egg

homologous chromosomes

a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

PROPHASE

TELOPHASE

heterotrophs

organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things

autotrophs

organisms that make their own food (photosynthesis)

photosynthesis

the process by which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce high-energy sugars (glucose) that can be used as food\`

pigments

light-absorbing molecules that capture energy from sunlight

chlorophyll

plants' principal pigment

thylakoids

disc shaped membranes inside chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll

NADP+

an electron carrier molecule

light-dependent reactions

sunlight trapped by light absorbing pigments

Calvin cycle

reactions that make glucose (another name for the light-independent cycle)

guard cells

specialized cells in epidermis (mostly lower layer) that regulate openings in leaf

stomata

openings in leaf to allow CO2 to enter and O2 to leave

epidermis

upper and lower layers of leaf cells, each 1 cell layer thick

palisade cells

tightly packed columns of cells in mesophyll, most photosynthesis happens here

spongy cells

loosely packed cells in mesophyll layer to allow gas exchange, some photosynthesis

xylem

vascular tissue that transports water up from roots throughout the plant

phloem

vascular tissue that transports "food" (glucose) throughout the plant

cuticle

waxy covering that allows leaves to minimize water loss

photosynthesis:

process that converts sunlight into chemical energy (glucose)

diffusion

The process by which molecules of a substance move from an area higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. ex: CO2 and O2. Passive.

phagocytosis

"cell eating". Kind of endocytosis in which extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole. Amoebas and white blood cells.

hypotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of molecules outside the cell is lower than inside.

osmosis

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Passive

hypertonic solution

A solution in which there is a higher concentration of molecules outside the cell than inside.

facilitated diffusion

The process by which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels. Glucose, uses membrane proteins. Passive

endocytosis

Process of a cell taking in material by means of enfolding the cell membrane. The pocket that results breaks loose from outer portion of cell membrane. It forms a vesicle within cytoplasm. types: Pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Active.

equilibrium

Diffusion continues until the concentration of molecules is equal throughout the space.

active transport

1. substances move from LOW to HIGH

2. requires energy (ATP)

concentration gradient

The difference in the concentration of molecules across a space.

passive transport

1. molecules move from High to Low.

2. Does not require energy to move molecules.

protein channel

Membrane proteins that help move larger molecules or ions across membranes.

selectively permeable

A membrane that lets certain molecules pass through and not others.

pinocytosis

A kind of endocytosis for liquids "cell drinking". active.

exocytosis

Expels unwanted material outside the cell. Active.

isotonic

Solution of molecules is the same inside and outside of a cell.

plasmolysis

The shrinking of a plant cell membrane away from the cell wall when placed in a hypertonic solution.

homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions.

fluid mosaic model

description of cell membrane because it is made of many different molecules (lipids, carbs, proteins) AND can move around - "fluid", not "fixed"

phosphate head

polar part of cell membrane

fatty acids tails

non polar part of cell membrane

explain "like dissolves like"

polar substances dissolve other polar substance and non-polar dissolves non-polar

Cell

Basic unit of life

Cell theory

Fundamental concept of biology that states 1. all living things are composed of cells, 2. cells are basic structure and function, 3. new cells are formed from existing cells

Cell membrane

Thin flexible barrier surrounding cell, selectively permeable, made primarily of phospholipids

Nucleus

"director" of cell activity, Large membrane enclosed structure that holds genetic info (DNA)

Eukaryote

Cell with a nucleus

Prokaryote

Cell without a nucleus

Cytoplasm

fluid like solution inside cell

Organelle

"Little organs" within the cell, perform important cellular functions

Vacuole

Cell organelle stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbs

Lysosomes

Organelle which contains digestive enzymes, and breaks down lipids carbs and proteins into small molecules for use around the cell

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments which give the cell structure, internal organization, and sometimes movement

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis; most numerous of all organelles and is found in EVERY cell, even prokaryotes

Endoplasmic reticulum

"highways of cell"; narrow channels for transport, also manufactures lipid components of cell membrane

Golgi body

Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials

Chloroplast

Organelle in plant cells that converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy (site of photosynthesis)

Cell wall

made of cellulose in plant cells. Strong supporting layer surrounding the membrane

cell (plasma) membrane

surrounds and protects all cells, made of phospholipids, flexible structure that acts as a gate keeper to regulate what enters/leaves the cell.

Tissue

Group of similar cells with similar tasks

Organ

Group of tissues which work together

Organ system

Groups of organs work together to live