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gametes
sex cells (sperm or egg)
meiosis
process that makes gametes
haploid
1 set of chromosomes (sex cells)
diploid
2 sets of chromosomes (somatic cells)
crossing over
exchange of genetic info between homologous chromosomes (during prophase 1)
fertilization
combination of sperm and egg
ATP
universal energy molecule
cell respiration
Glucose is broke down to produce 38 ATP molecules. Oxygen is used in this process and carbon dioxide is given off.
glycolysis
1st step of cell respiration, splits glucose in half
Electron Transport Chain
Series of reactions that make the most ATP
aerobic
oxygen needed
anaerobic mean
-oxygen is not needed
Lactic acid fermentation
type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in animals cells when oxygen isn't available. makes 2 ATP and lactic acid
Alcoholic fermentation
type of anaerobic respiration done by yeast and some bacteria. makes 2ATP, ethyl alcohol and CO2
cell division
process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm during cell division
chromatid
one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
centromere
area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
interphase
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
cell cycle
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus
centriole
tiny structures in animal cells that spindle fibers radiate out from.
spindle
microtubule protein fibers that help separate the chromosomes during mitosis
metaphase
second phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
anaphase
the third phase of mitosis during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
telophase
fourth and final phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense materials
cancer
disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth
chromatin
un-condensed version of chromosomes
G1
growth and activity period during Interphase
S phase
Stage of interphase where DNA is copied, "synthesis"
G2
last phase of interphase, preparation for mitosis
somatic cells
body cells, all cell except sperm and egg
homologous chromosomes
a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
PROPHASE
TELOPHASE
heterotrophs
organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things
autotrophs
organisms that make their own food (photosynthesis)
photosynthesis
the process by which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce high-energy sugars (glucose) that can be used as food`
pigments
light-absorbing molecules that capture energy from sunlight
chlorophyll
plants' principal pigment
thylakoids
disc shaped membranes inside chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll
NADP+
an electron carrier molecule
light-dependent reactions
sunlight trapped by light absorbing pigments
Calvin cycle
reactions that make glucose (another name for the light-independent cycle)
guard cells
specialized cells in epidermis (mostly lower layer) that regulate openings in leaf
stomata
openings in leaf to allow CO2 to enter and O2 to leave
epidermis
upper and lower layers of leaf cells, each 1 cell layer thick
palisade cells
tightly packed columns of cells in mesophyll, most photosynthesis happens here
spongy cells
loosely packed cells in mesophyll layer to allow gas exchange, some photosynthesis
xylem
vascular tissue that transports water up from roots throughout the plant
phloem
vascular tissue that transports "food" (glucose) throughout the plant
cuticle
waxy covering that allows leaves to minimize water loss
photosynthesis:
process that converts sunlight into chemical energy (glucose)
diffusion
The process by which molecules of a substance move from an area higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. ex: CO2 and O2. Passive.
phagocytosis
"cell eating". Kind of endocytosis in which extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole. Amoebas and white blood cells.
hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of molecules outside the cell is lower than inside.
osmosis
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Passive
hypertonic solution
A solution in which there is a higher concentration of molecules outside the cell than inside.
facilitated diffusion
The process by which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels. Glucose, uses membrane proteins. Passive
endocytosis
Process of a cell taking in material by means of enfolding the cell membrane. The pocket that results breaks loose from outer portion of cell membrane. It forms a vesicle within cytoplasm. types: Pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Active.
equilibrium
Diffusion continues until the concentration of molecules is equal throughout the space.
active transport
substances move from LOW to HIGH
requires energy (ATP)
concentration gradient
The difference in the concentration of molecules across a space.
passive transport
molecules move from High to Low.
Does not require energy to move molecules.
protein channel
Membrane proteins that help move larger molecules or ions across membranes.
selectively permeable
A membrane that lets certain molecules pass through and not others.
pinocytosis
A kind of endocytosis for liquids "cell drinking". active.
exocytosis
Expels unwanted material outside the cell. Active.
isotonic
Solution of molecules is the same inside and outside of a cell.
plasmolysis
The shrinking of a plant cell membrane away from the cell wall when placed in a hypertonic solution.
homeostasis
Maintaining stable internal conditions.
fluid mosaic model
description of cell membrane because it is made of many different molecules (lipids, carbs, proteins) AND can move around - "fluid", not "fixed"
phosphate head
polar part of cell membrane
fatty acids tails
non polar part of cell membrane
explain "like dissolves like"
polar substances dissolve other polar substance and non-polar dissolves non-polar
Cell
Basic unit of life
Cell theory
Fundamental concept of biology that states 1. all living things are composed of cells, 2. cells are basic structure and function, 3. new cells are formed from existing cells
Cell membrane
Thin flexible barrier surrounding cell, selectively permeable, made primarily of phospholipids
Nucleus
"director" of cell activity, Large membrane enclosed structure that holds genetic info (DNA)
Eukaryote
Cell with a nucleus
Prokaryote
Cell without a nucleus
Cytoplasm
fluid like solution inside cell
Organelle
"Little organs" within the cell, perform important cellular functions
Vacuole
Cell organelle stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbs
Lysosomes
Organelle which contains digestive enzymes, and breaks down lipids carbs and proteins into small molecules for use around the cell
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments which give the cell structure, internal organization, and sometimes movement
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis; most numerous of all organelles and is found in EVERY cell, even prokaryotes
Endoplasmic reticulum
"highways of cell"; narrow channels for transport, also manufactures lipid components of cell membrane
Golgi body
Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials
Chloroplast
Organelle in plant cells that converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy (site of photosynthesis)
Cell wall
made of cellulose in plant cells. Strong supporting layer surrounding the membrane
cell (plasma) membrane
surrounds and protects all cells, made of phospholipids, flexible structure that acts as a gate keeper to regulate what enters/leaves the cell.
Tissue
Group of similar cells with similar tasks
Organ
Group of tissues which work together
Organ system
Groups of organs work together to live
Note 
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