Germany OCR A-Level History

Left Wing Political Opposition (Weimar)

Spartacist revolt - Communists attempted to seize power in Berlin but were brutally crushed by the military and the Friekorps - January 1919

Ruhr uprising -KPD brought up their own army and had seized the Ruhr area - also crushed by the army and the Freikorps - fragmented the hopes of trade unions - 1920

political impact of the war

The Kaiser abdicated power went to a

a temporary government under Friedrich Ebert, the leader of the SPD

ebert and the SPD did not want a revolution because it would:

lead to civil war,

Disrupt demobilisation

describe the distribution of food

hinder peace negotiations.

He was able to prevent a revolution as he: maintained the support of the army by not reforming or creating a new force. He kept the support of industrialists which gave workers an eight hour day. The working-class was divided between the communists who wanted the Soviet style of government and supporters of the SPD, who wanted a Parliamentary system

Economic impact of the war

industrial production was only 2/3 of that in 1913 national income was one third of that in 1913 there were 600,000 widows and 2 million children without fathers with the result by 1925. The state was spending one third of its budget on war pensions.

What was the social impact of the war?

The war deepen divisions within German society by the restrictions placed on workers earnings during the war. The situation had been made worse while factory owners had been able to make large profits. The Navy disagreed with the armistice and ordered the fleet to see this led to mutiny, which was followed by the establishment of Soviets in many cities across Germany.

The establishment of a republic

Ebert signed an armistice in an ounce of the Republic would guarantee: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, better working conditions

A new constitution was drawn up, put the change in government from an autocratic system to a new democratic government created opposition and challenges. This helped create the stab in the back myth, which claimed Germany had been betrayed by politicians such as Ebert.

What was the treaty of Versailles?

Germany, lost 10% of its land 12. 5% of its population 16% of its coal 48% of its iron industry, as well as all of its colonies. It was also weakened militarily and had to accept the guilt clause for starting the war and pay reparations.

november criminals

The Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy penalties on Germany, including reparations payments, territorial losses, and military restrictions. The German nationalists and far-right groups saw the treaty as a betrayal of Germany and blamed the politicians who signed it, including the Social Democrats, who were the largest party in the German government at the time.

The term "November Criminals" was used to imply that the politicians who signed the treaty had committed treason against Germany, and it was often used to justify anti-Semitic and anti-democratic sentiments. The term became associated with the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, who used it as part of their propaganda to gain support and discredit their political opponents.

The use of the term "November Criminals" played a role in the erosion of democracy in Germany and the eventual rise of the Nazi regime. It was a tool used by far-right groups to attack the legitimacy of the democratic government and justify their own extremist views.

what was the land lost, military reductions and reparations?

they lost Alsace-Lorraine, the Saar, which was under control of the league of nations, and the Rhineland, which was to be occupied by allied forces for 15 years

The army was reduced to 100,000 men. The Navy was reduced to 15,000 men

Germany was not allowed tanks, aircraft or submarines.

The number of ships was also limited.

The reparations figure was fixed at 6,600 million, but some was to be paid in goods

their demands were less of a punishment than what it gave to Russia at the treaty of Bret Litovsk

what was the weimar constitution

Germany was now a federal republic with the states represented in the reichscrat power was derived from the people (elected every 7 years)

The president was directly elected by universal franchise. He chose the Chancellor and could declare a state of emergency. The reichscrat was the upper house where individual states were represented. The right stag was the lower house, elected by universal franchise. this meant that governments were coalitions, which was subject to frequent change.

established civil rights: freedom of speech, and assembly equality before the law, the right to economic justice

Challenges from the left

many workers had hoped for the establishment of a series of Soviets factory, councils in the nationalisation of industry, for the decision to give power to parliament, and the lack of reforms led to the resignation of Independence socialist from the council of People's Representatives, and to the formation of the Communist Party

The KPD attempt to seize power through the Spartacist revolt in Berlin, January 1919, but they were murdered, and the vote was put down by the Freikorps the uprising in the ruhr 1920 meant that the KPD soon controlled the region, but this was crushed by the Freikorps

kapp putsch

The Kapp Putsch was a failed coup attempt that took place in Germany in March 1920. The coup was led by Wolfgang Kapp, a right-wing journalist and politician, and supported by various nationalist groups, as well as elements within the German Army.

On March 13, 1920, Kapp and his supporters seized control of government buildings in Berlin, but they failed to gain the support of the army or the police. The government fled the city, but workers and other citizens staged a general strike that paralyzed the city and made it impossible for Kapp to maintain control.

beer hall putsch

Hitler held right-wing rulers of Bavaria hostage in an attempt to persuade him to join a march in Berlin to overthrow the republic. They agreed, but once free turned their back on Hitler brought extra troops. The next day, the Nazis shot a policeman, police man returned fire, Hitler and Ludendorff put on trial for high treason, received lenient sentences

rapallo treaty 1922

The treaty signed between Germany and the Soviet union. Both countries are announced claims to war debts and reparations. They agreed to cooperate over economic matters. Germany start a training troops in developing for bidden weapons.

Political positive Weimar Golden Years

Coalitions could often be seen between the SDP, center and liberal parties or a center, DNVP coalition

Right Wing Political Opposition (Weimar)

Kapp Putsch - took advantage of the recently disbanded Freikorps - stopped when trade unions called a general strike

Munich Putsch - Hitler - failure to secure support from the army - led to Hitler leading the Putsch by force - Hitler was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in prison - only served 9 months

crisis of 1923

The occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923, Germany fell behind in its reparation payments in France and Belgium occupied. The Ruhr reparation payments were halted and workers in the row went on strike. This put pressure on the economy and added to inflation which was made worse by the government printing money to pay the strikers the French brought in their own workers, and this increased tensions further

The war had caused inflation in Germany, but by printing more money to pay the strikers and compensate for loss tax revenues and value of the mark fell so that it was worthless this destroyed savings and ruined those on fixed incomes. Prices rose so fast at the black market and barter flourished , some industrialists did gain from the situation.

inflation

Germany had borrowed heavily during the war to finance its military efforts, and after the war, it struggled to repay its debts. At the same time, Germany was required to pay heavy reparations to the Allied powers under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.

The German government responded to these economic challenges by printing more money, which led to hyperinflation. The value of the German mark plummeted, and prices for goods and services skyrocketed. The hyperinflation was so severe that people had to carry wheelbarrows full of money just to buy basic goods.

The hyperinflation had a devastating impact on the German economy and society. People lost their life savings, businesses went bankrupt, and many people fell into poverty. The hyperinflation also contributed to political instability, as people lost faith in the democratic government and turned to extremist groups for solutions.

Political Negative Weimar Golden Years

parties found it difficult to cooperate with each other seven different governments. President Hindenburg was not sympathetic to Weimar Center party began to move to the right, making SPD cooperation difficult. DNVP's relationship with the center became straigned by foreign policy differences. Hindenburg favoured right wing governments and excluded the SPD

Golden Years Weimar Economy Positive

Rentenmark replaced the Reichsmark in 1923, Dawes Plan was agreed to in 1924, industrial production returned to pre-war state in 1927

Golden Years Weimar Economy Negative

German economy had collapsed in hyperinflation set in French, and Belgium troops were occupying the ruhr. the german government had no clear policy on the occupation, except for passive resistance. People who had suffered from inflation could not be fully repayed, export prices rose, unemployment increased because production techniques and worker numbers were reduced, differences between employers and workers increased, agricultural depression occurred in 1927

economic weaknesses

The value of imports always exceeded exports balance of trade was in red unemployment, never fell below 1.3 million mainly farmers were under enforced. Failing income investment into the German economy came to rely on investors from abroad. Government continually run into debt from 1935

What was hitlers punishment

Hitler was put on trial. He defends his case and achieved national theme judges known as right-wing sympathiser. Nazis become third-largest party in Bavaria Hitler given five years and serves only nine months. Hitler kept in good conditions at Landsberg

due to Hitler's imprisonment the NSDAP nearly disintegrates when released Hitler commits party to legal means and the furor principle to win must support. The party is reorganised in 1925 by George Strasser.

stresseman currency

Rentenmark, which Stresemann had introduced to deal with hyperinflation, replaced by the Reichsmark in 1924. Inflation was controlled by limiting the money supply and keeping interest rates quite high

stresemann's decisions helped to restore the economic conference by 1928, heavy in industry recovered production levels reach those of 1913 between 1925 to 1929 to export rose by 40% hourly wage rates rose every year from 1924 to 1930

stressemen achievements

Strassman had led a broad coalition of DVP, DD P, ZP and SPD to resolve economic plight, he called of passive resistance in the Ruhr and promised to resume the payment reparations in December 1923, old German marks were placed with the new currency Rentenmark

stressemen evoked some sympathy from the allies for Germany with the Rentenmark

economic recovery

industrial production gradually recovered so that by 1927 in return to pre First World War levels recovery was helped by loans of 800 million marks from America with the Dawes plan which also rescheduled reparation payments

stabilising in the economy resulted in the cost of exports rising. Therefore, industrialist look to cut their costs often by making workers redundant, Germany became heavily dependent on loans. If withdrawn would have a serious impact

agriculture did not fully recover and then was hit by depression. 1927, due to global overproduction farmers complain, that food was imported so that in return Germany could export industrial goods. This created resentment in the countryside.

foreign policy

stresemann was able to achieve the number of f foreign policy successors, which revise the treaty of Versailles, the Locarno, treaties of 1925, going to germanies frontiers with France and Belgium

In 1926 Germany, join the league of Nations

In 1927, allied troops were withdrawn from the garrisons in the Rhineland

The young plan reduced reparations was signed in 1929, and Britain and France agreed to evacuate the Rhineland by the end of June 1930

political stability

coalitions continue to be on stable is the largest part is the SPD and the liberals disagreed over economic and social policies parties that supported democracy did well in these years so that by 1928, they had 136 more seats in the radical parties, however support for the liberal parties. The decline and special interest parties gain support in 1925 Hindenburg was elected president. His support for the republic was lukewarm. He wanted to exclude the SPD and bring in the right wing DNVP

Social improvements

wages for workers rose an eight hour day was introduced the standard of living rose welfare benefits and pensions increased

however, there were still problems as farm workers earnings were only half the national average by 1929 there were still extremes of wealth and poverty. There were wage disputes and strikes and there was concern about the cost of welfare systems

1924 - dawes plan

dawes plan. helped germanys capacity to pay reparations. provided a large loan to Germany to aid economic recovery from USA. Resulted in a french promise to evacuate the Ruhr.

reparations would be 1,000 mil marks for five years, and then at a varying levels according to Germany's economic performance.

Germany was given an 800 million mark loan from the American banks to help stabilise the currency after the hyperinflation of 1923.

locarno pact.

1925

signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Italy and the United Kingdom.

Germany accepted its borders in the west.

Germany did not accept its borders in the East, but signed arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia.

renounced the use of force.

All countries signing the pact renounce the use of invasion and force as a method of foreign policy, except in self-defence.

1926-

Germany was invited to the league of Nations

overview of weimar

they had a weak economy, Germany's economic recovery was built on poor foundations that created a false idea of prosperity, problems, pursued, and in the economy, they were temporarily hidden only by an increasing reliance on credit from abroad, Germany's economy, became tied up with powerful external forces in the late 1920s, if there were any disruption to the world trade it was bound to have a damaging effect on Germany.

Divide society, German society was still divided by a deep class difference that prevent the development of national agreement and harmony the state scheme in 1919 did not fully overcome concerns between employers and their workers workers were locked out from their place of work in the ruhr Ironworks, when they refused to accept the arbitration award, a compromise solution was released, but the society still divided bitterly

They had a fraction, political system tension was evident in the political sphere, where the Parliamentary system had failed to build changes. The main Democratic party still didn't recognise the necessity of working together failure to establish shared political outlook. Middle years were stable, only in comparison to the period before an after they will never fully resolved.

why did Weimar fall

European context -there was a threat from the left

Lack of support for democracy -the Republic was associated with economic crisis and the Nazis were much better targeting the message democratic institutions are also new

There was constitutional flaws - article 48, gave the president power

Paramilitary organisations -killings by right-wing groupings and the essay for a wing of the NSDAP

The Great depression - the Wall Street crash brought worldwide economic downfalls in Germany was hard here loans led to mass unemployment 2 million Germans were out of work by 1933, increased to 6,100,000 there was psychological impact loss of pride and status society was unravelling

1928

Real wages grew by 12%

Kellog Briand Pact - outlawed war as an instrument of national policy

1929

The Wall Street crash cause extreme worldwide, economic, downfall and unemployment rose up to 6,100,000 for years following the crash who played an important psychological impact on everyone and caused the Great depression.

The allied occupation allies agreed to evacuate the Rhineland earlier than intended

who were the stresser brothers

Gregor Strasser took part in Munich, putsch, oppose Hitler's antisemitism,

in 1930 the second most powerful Nazi

Otto Strasser former member of SPD advocated, racism and nationalism got appealed to the lower class and workers left in 1930 opposed abandoning workers

both disappeared after the 1930s

1928

young plan.

permanent solution to reparation payments, reduce by 20%

money which supported the plan was recalled.

the great depression

in October 1920 9US stock market collapsed the Wall Street crash, led to a world economic crisis

economic impact of the great depression

it had a severe impact on Germany because of American loans. The collapse of the American economy resulted in US firms and banks recalling the loans. The problems began in the autumn of 19 28 x 19 29 unemployment in Germany had rose to 2,5 million.

political impact

Depression weaken the great coalition divisions over the unemployment insurance system created a crisis. The SPD did not want courts, while the Germans People's party. DVPA argued for courts industrialist argue that the welfare state should be abolished, because of course, an attempt to compromise failed in the Cabinet resigned this week and democracy, Hindenburg use the opportunity to bring pruning who supported Hindenburg's policy of rearming Germany.

bruning

he tried to stabilise Germany, but he did not have a majority and stay at that. If he was defeated he would ask for the right stag to be resolved and roll by emergency. Decree elections took place in September 1930, which allowed the Nazi party to make considerable gains although the Nazis made considerable gains, it's still left the divided reichstag, giving the impression that democracy was unable to deal with the situation. While unemployment continue to rise. He had to rely on emergency decree which further weakened democracy

He was ultimately forced to resign in 1932 and fled Germany after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933.

1932

18,000 farmers had gone bankrupt.

major nazi elements

The major Nazi elements were nationalism, embracing all German-speaking people racism, they did not except for racially quality influence by the long established tradition of antisemitism power of the state, rejecting them up Chrissy, and support of power, being given to the state anticapitalism and anti-Marxism, Hitler laid stress upon developing a harmonious, unified and racially, pure society (volksgemeinschaft) and expansionism, aiming to create an empire, making Germany a great power

how did the great depression influence the nazi support

Depression increase support for the Nazis because the Weimar government appeared we can unable to deal with the crisis. Unemployment was rising in the Nazis offered public works to reduce it. Many people feared communism and support for it was growing due to the depression.

how did the nazis gain support

they had support of industrialist they were frightened of communism. The Nazis made promises to various groups in society. The unemployed were promised, jobs businesses were promised, restored profits. Farmers were promised, higher prices for their produce

Propaganda was used to reinforce the Nazi promises to attack communism

july 1932

Hitler had demanded the right to form a a government as the largest party, but was offered to post a vice chancellor, which he rejected von Papen did not have a majority in with the support of the president was determined to resolve the rights dog and hold fresh elections, however, this failed as the opposition passed a vote of no confidence

The Nazis saw a dramatic rise in support, becoming the largest single party in the Reichstag, with 37.4% of the vote.

The Nazis liked the funds for a dynamic campaign. Their involvement in transport strike in Berlin, appeared to show that they were moving to the left in this frighten many middle-class voters they lost 2 million votes

von papen

over the Nazis with the largest party in the Reichstag after the 1932 election, it was von Papen, who appointed chancellor, who wanted to create an authoritarian state. He ended the ban on the SA , which led to an increase in street violence, violence, and hamburg led to von Papen taking over the Prussian state government. This destroyed the idea of each state in Germany, having power over certain aspects of government and led to an increased power being given to the national government.

who was hitler disliked by and what did schliecher do?

Hindenburg did not like Hitler, having no desire in appointing him as chancellor. Many Conservative leaders in Germany were suspicious of Hitler, the landowners, the army and industrialists in May 19302, Bruning lost support from Hindenburg, because the landowners oppose his proposals to buy a plundered Estates to resettle unemployed workers.

Schliecher was concerned with the power of the Nazis and felt that Papens leadership would risk civil war. He convince Hindenburg and dismiss Papen. He was appointed Chancellor and felt political stability was vital. He also split the Nazis between the party causing rows.

backstairs intrigue?

having been removed from power von, Papen began talks with Hitler using intermediaries with von schliecher being unable to gain a majority in the reichstag .Hitler's position was strengthened, Hindenburg lost confidence in von schliecher , and instructed von Papen to talk with Hitler, Hindenburg, and his advisers, believe that the Nazis were in decline, and therefore would be easier to control

Hindenburg withdrew support from von schliecher , who resigned on 28th of January 1933 Hitler demanded the position of Chancellor von Papen agreed and on the 28th of January Hindenburg agreed.

august 1932

Hitler demanded to be made Chancellor with an Enabling Act enabling him to issue decrees himself.

problems with the nazi economy

Practically bankrupt, unemployment over 6 million, industrial production down to 1890s levels, German trade sunk by 90%, internationally uncompetitive agriculture was burdened with debt

advantages of the 1933 economy

Depression was easing, reparations were scraped in 1932, Voluntary Reich Labour Service was set up for the unemployed, wages could be set at lower levels

february 1933

Reichstag Fire is blamed on the communists.

february 1933

Decree for the Protection of People and State allowed indefinite detention without trial

Hitler became chancellor

Hitler had called for a general election in the hope of winning a convincing majority. The campaigns characteristics consisted of violence and terror. With meetings of the socialist and communist being regularly broken up. The Nazis use the atmosphere of hate and fear to great effect in their election. Propaganda set the tone in appeal to the German people superwoman as they blamed the poor economic conditions on the democratic government and the Communists

reichstag fire - february 1933

The reichstag fire - the cause and circumstances are unclear The Nazis exploited it for a decree of the defence of the nation, and the state it was issued immediately suspending civil and political Liberties. Communists were conveniently blamed for the fire. Many leaders were arrested.

enabling act - march 1933

The enabling act would end democracy, parliamentary, procedure and legislation came to an end for power was transferred to the Chancellor and government a dictatorship based on legality was created

july 1933

nazi party only legal party. one party state

gleichschaltung

nazification of society. degeneration of weimars democracy. co-operation. had control in some areas but not church, army or big businesses. power limited as didn't want to loose support of important groups but to some extent it was generated by the power and freedom of the SA exploited at the local level (revolution from below,) but also Nazi leadership from the political centre in Berlin (revolution from above)

federal states - gleichschaltung

regional parliaments dissolved and abolished.

Federal government and governors were subordinated to central government

political parties - gleichschaltung

communists were banned after the right stag fire. The social Democratic party was banned. Most parties agree to dissolve themselves. The Nazis became the only legal party.

trade unions - gleichschaltung

premises were occupied, funds seized and leaders into concentration camps.

independent unions were replaced by german labour front (DAF)

terror

after March 1933, Hitler began to use terror as a tool to force those who oppose him the SA how are stormed trade union headquarters in disbanded it asserting power, minimizer assistance, terror by eliminating other political parties after intimidation and threats, most agreed to dissolve themselves by June 1933 by July. Nazis were legally the only legitimate political party show. The importance of terror and force was the only thing to achieve legality. propaganda played on the public spheres that based on their fear that they would not be able to find work or provide for themselves financially without the Nazi party. The gestapo founded in April 1933, as a result of propaganda was a secret, all knowing police organisation who hunted down those who oppose Hitler violence in an omniscient reputation, crucial in getting the public to cooperate throughout the whole of Germany the propaganda was a useful tool based on the Wall Street crash and the economy sinking into a deep depression. From 1929 they utilise their fear by promising them what they needed

1934 - night of long knives.

execute ernst rohm and SA leaders. removed SA and won support of conservative right. army took oath of loyalty of loyalty to hitler

secured dictatorship

hitlers role in gov

relied on subordinates to put wishes into action

avoided decision making and little contact with ministers. his own personality and lifestyle involved long, sleeping hours and absences from Berlin but he noticed that power could only be achieved through legal process.

in the fuhrer Princip, Hitler was the most important, but in reality, his character made everything chaotic specifically around decision-making, he disliked paperwork and meetings and significant people such as Geobbels and himmler were were important in running the Nazi government

nazi propaganda

• ministry of propaganda made in 1933.

Joseph Goebbels oversaw Nazi propaganda, which came in many forms: printed word, posters, films, rallies, symbols, flags. Even the SA delivered leaflets.

• Technology- loudspeakers, radio, film, and records, aeroplanes and cars.

They made significant gains in rural and middle-class lower class areas.

• The press wasn't easily achieved as over 4700 newspapers, all of the loyalty to publishing companies so the Nazis passed the editors law in 1933, which made newspaper content, the sole responsibility of the editor, but the evolution of bland sterile journalism cause 10% decline before 1939

• over 2500 German writers left their homeland showing how sadly they viewed this atmosphere, where places were taken by a literary group, whose literature did not stand the test of time.

• jewish film actors and directors were removed and films were made using emotive nationalism and overt propaganda. E.g. Portray Jews, as rats and Nazis killed by communists.

• Appeals were made to emotions rather than intellects. The posters and leaflets were based on specific individuals based on their needs to appeal to everyone.

• The propaganda was superior to rivals as they were good in exploiting, symbols, rallies and speeches, but Hitler reached parts of Germany. Other parties didn't, the speakers were in rural districts and small towns, addressing local issues to small shopkeepers be played on militaristic yearnings.

to create volksgemeinschaft

Nazi Middle-class

Directed most of propaganda at this group, Nazis tried to focus on small businesses but big businesses were needed to kick start the economy so big businesses continued to expand at the expense of smaller ones

who were the SA

Hitler's army, also known as the Brown Shirts.

The SA attracted people. Although its violence was problematic, it also portrayed strength and an ability to fight as opposed to failing Weimar democracy.

how many join the SA out of desperation as food and accommodation were provided they were responsible for intimidation and violence against opposition all helps to destabilise the already difficult situation in Germany VS. They were banned for three months but restored by the new Chancellor von Papen in 1932, Hitler was keen to maintain a policy of legality. The party leadership and essay were difficult at times . Do you say we're concerned with the radical social side of Nazism

appeal of nazis

The Nazis had different, and associated organisations for different groups: Young people, women, students, lawyers, factory workers.

The NSDAP was organised into strong, local areas under Gauleiters.

The Führerprinzip: Hitler was a charismatic leader, who made speeches, at a time of failing chancellors.

they played on the idea of scapegoat by announcing all aspects of Weimar democracy, exploiting German fear of communism antisemitism and recognised the need to make the Nazi message reflect the specific social and economic circumstances. Peasants were offered special benefits to offset collapse of agricultural prices appealed to the industrial workers by offering bread and work appeased in industrialist by playing down the fear of nationalism and state control of economy

i

gestapo - use of terror

secret state police. its role was to find opponents of the Nazis and arrest them. People arrested could be sent to concentration camps without trial. They were a small organisation with 20,000 to 40,000 agents many of whom were little more than office workers who relied on informers and block wardens for information

what were the first camps made

camps were created to deal with political opponents, mainly socialist and communist Dachau who is commanded by Theodore eicke , who impose strict system of rules, carried out by the SS guards known as the death of the units. Prisoners had to sleep on wooden planks and work on a 12 hour day of physically demanding work with minimum rations .

SS - use of terror

in 1929, Heinrich Himmler became its head and preserve the Nazi resume and became a key power group. It was made up of the SD, the gestapo and the kripo and the Waffen SS, its roles included, policing, intelligence, gathering and later military functions. It was responsible for security ideology and race, the economy and a variety of military issues. They were responsible for the creation of the new order Himmler, hard responsibility for resettling, ethnic Germans from conquered territories in the elimination of groups, such as the Jews and gypsies.

churches - opposition

christianity was a major problem for the Nazis Christianity is teachings directly contradicted, the Nazi philosophy of violence, strength and war. Moreover, Jesus was Jewish rather than aryan. bishop galen attacked euthanasia. most were pragmatic and preserved religious practices

not that effective but had euthanasia stopped temporarily.

many church leaders were sent to camps

youth - opposition

swing youth, edelweiss pirates disliked military emphasis of hitler youth. behaved in anti nazi ways. The Hitler youth was made compulsory in 1939, little change in activities in the early stages of the war, except for necessity to help out with harvest. They maintained primary tasks of boys into soldiers and girls into mothers

age of conscription reduced to 17, in 1943, is it focused on military training supervised by the Waffen ss by 945, schoolchildren were fighting in the army in Berlin, against Russians, advancing. Have

students - opposition

white rose- issued pamphlets- arrested and tortured

communists - opposition

they produce pamphlets attacking the Nazis. Most important was the red orchestra, a spy network that sent information to Moscow, which was minimal as money had been arrested after the reichstag fire they were more concerned with self-preservation.

Army - opposition

there was slow development due to the army, oath and early military successes. However, army support of Hitler decline after defeat at Stalingrad. An opposition developed some commanders begun to plot, and this culminated in the bomb plot under Stauffenberg. This bomb plot failed and officers were slow to act, allowing Hitler to regain control about 5000 members of the resistance were killed afterwards.

farmers in nazi germany

Wanted to be self sufficient in terms of food production, food shortages contributed greatly to Germany's defeat in WW1, blood and soil policy reconsigned the importance of the peasantry to produce strong men to fight, increased tax on agricultural imports, fixed selling prices, large farms could not be divided

Volksgemeinschaft

"People's Community"; primarily based on racism, nationalism and authoritarianism concerned with uniting people in all classes to achieve one national purpose, which gave heavy emphasis on the role of genders. Nazi attempt to control all aspects of lives with secret police, massive rallies and parades and heavy censorship; wanted to spread ideologies so began Hitler Youth Programs to encourage kids to turn in disloyal adults; also gave loans to people for reproduction of the Aryan race.

Volksgemeinschaft: positives

More important changes in social values, collapse of social elites, in theory a classless society, reduced mass unemployment, ready to prepare for war. The youth enjoyed social aspects of the Hitler youth.

Volksgemeinschaft: weaknesses

Contradictory policies, limited social changes, Christian churches were expected to whither away but actually enjoyed support

nazi culture were supposed to deliver new roles of the people, but did not, and instead brought a negative role to rural areas

Volksgemeinschaft: opportunities

Schacht's economic recovery created job opportunities, young people enjoyed the social/ physical aspects of the Hitler Youth, able to manipulate through propaganda

Nazi Education, Media and Culture

By spring 1933, Goebbels controlled all broadcasting as Minister of Propaganda, new syllabus for German schools, army escaped co-ordination and maintained its own traditions, National Socialist Teachers' Organisation was set up

Nazi Terror Network

Had to rely on existing courts but were backed up by the Gestapo and the concentration camps, by 1942, Nazis had complete control of trials - verdicts often ordered before trial, from 1935, only pure Aryans could join the SS, Himmler took control of Gestapo and all police forces in 1936, Gestapo heavily relied on informers due to small size

opposition to the nazis

National unity (civil service and army) kept the public on side, after 1934 Hitler was legally immune from opposition,

Communists, Jews, SA leaders were unpopular with the public, 1.3 million Germans sent to concentration camps in the 1930s

churches in nazi germany

Usually concentrated on only protecting themselves, remained an obstacle to the state, protestants were fairly successful in resisting nazification, Catholics initially co operated but soon criticised sterilisation and euthanasia, Concordat of July 1933 between the Nazis and the Vatican, which guaranteed religious freedom and the right to administer itself

social groups

industrial workers were the working class, which, with the largest social group by far the Nazis couldn't assume the working class would be one over by the promises of the volksgemeinschaft under Weimar, they had voted for the SPD in the KPD and belong to trade unions. The Nazis shut down trade unions, and the government could limit the workers freedom. Instead of trade. Unions workers could only join the DAF which became the largest Nazi organisation in the third Reich they became responsible for saying work hours and wages dealing harshly with Disobedients and strikes and setting ranks for houses. Farming communities had been attracted to the Nazis through the promise of their financial aid as it has suffered financial problems. In the 1920s, farmers felt they were missing out on the urban Society of industrial Germany. Nazi ideology of blood in soil portrayed presents as the racially pure as part of the Volk.

in 1930 to 1933 elections, the middle-class voted for the Nazis more than the rest of the social groups

nazi army

Failed assassination attempts, including the July 1944 Bomb plot.

schachts new plan

The New Plan aimed to stabilize the German economy by introducing a number of measures to increase exports and reduce imports, in order to achieve a favorable balance of trade. The plan involved a series of currency controls, including the introduction of a new currency, the Rentenmark, which was backed by land values rather than gold reserves.

The plan only hit the balance of payment problem and by 1936 this was getting worse. He wanted to reduce alms expenditure and increase the production of industrial goods for sale. This resulted in the guns or butter debate

goring 4 year plan

1936.

The Four Year Plan focused on increasing production of goods. regulate imports and exports to prevent price inflation increase production of raw materials, so as to reduce the financial cost of importing vital gods, e.g.

steel, iron and aluminium . To develop ersatz which were substitute products, e.g. oil in artificial rubber. The plan called for significant investments in infrastructure, such as building new highways and expanding the country's rail network, as well as in the military, with the goal of achieving economic self-sufficiency and military strength within four years.

The Four Year Plan was initially successful, as it helped to reduce unemployment and stimulate economic growth in Germany. on the other hand it for a long way, sure of the vital commodities never reached the levels, desired by armed forces and Hitler.

goring impact on workers

policies led to a reduction in unemployment, which fell to 1,600,000 x 1936 in part due to job creation schemes, but also the introduction of conscription in May 1935, as a result, many workers support his policies and the party.

Although unemployment fell, workers lost many rights as independent unions were banned and replaced by the German labour front which was under Nazi control in the only option available to work as they lost the right to negotiate, wages and conditions of work, which will arrange to the DEF, which supervise conditions and dealt harshly with unrest.

women

three k's - kinder kirche kuche (children church kitchen)

nazis implemented many policies such as

Forced sterilization: The Nazis implemented a program of forced sterilization, which targeted women deemed to be "unfit" for reproduction. These included women with disabilities, mental illness, or deemed to have "hereditary diseases." It is estimated that around 400,000 women were sterilized under this program.

anti abortion laws how do

Discrimination in employment: Women were excluded from many professions and were not allowed to hold positions of authority. They were also paid less than men for the same work.

Reproductive control: Women were subjected to strict controls over their reproductive lives, including restrictions on contraception and abortion. The Nazi regime encouraged "Aryan" women to have more children to increase the German population.

Persecution of "non-Aryan" women: Women who were Jewish, Roma, or from other minority groups were subjected to persecution, imprisonment, and often sent to concentration camps.

Forced labor: Women were also subjected to forced labor, particularly during the war years. They were often forced to work in factories and other industries to support the war effort.

marriage figures did not increase in divorce levels rose

hitler youth

Schools were centralised under the right Ministry of education. More time was given to PE as strength and fitness. Religious studies were dropped

The Hitler youth was used to indoctrinate the young as they were. The future of the regime membership grew from one percent of youth in 1933 to 60% in 1936 and became compulsory. In 1939, they dissolved all of a youth groups, the boys activities emphasise the role of a soldier. The girls were taught the roles of a wife in through domestic activities, both received political, indoctrination, German, patriotism, and the achievements of Hitler were emphasised

some news went into battle to fight the Russians at the very end. Many from poorer backgrounds enjoyed the activities. However, Hitler youth lost some appeal when it was made compulsory.

The Nazi policies toward women

-Women were destined to be wives and mothers

-Wanted to drive women out of heavy industry or jobs that might hinder them from bearing healthy children

-Encouraged women to pursue professional occupations that had direct practical application like nursing and social work

-Restrictive legislation against females

prewar anger towards jews

after World War I, the new government formed Germans angered as they had to repay reparations to all countries they are damaged. They had to sign the treaty of açai war. Guilt clause 70 billion in reparations with the army limited in size the foreign minister who was a Jew was blamed which started to stab in the back theory, the German mark became worthless than the paper it was printed on hyperinflation in 1923, nearly million Germans unemployed

racial policies

A propaganda campaign against undesirables to create resentment

Sterilisation law, 1933 to prevent hereditary diseased offspring from 1934 about 350,000 men were sterilised the department within the gestapo dealt with homosexuality. The laws introduced in 1935, which led to the arrest of 50,000 homosexuals. The euthanasia campaign in 1939, the Nazis started to exterminate the mentally ill and killed 5000 handicapped young. Why 1941 protest forced the program to be stopped. It was restarted in secret.

The Nuremberg laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

in 1933, the Nazis boycott Jewish businesses, the issue decree that defines non aryans, the first camps were built

holocaust timeline

1933-1945

1933 the Nazis boycott Jewish businesses. The first concentration camps were built.

In 1934, Jews were not allowed national health in 1935 the Nuremberg laws were passed, not allowing the Jews to have sex or marry aryans

1936 SS death shed division is created to guard camps

1937 Jews are not allowed to teach Germans Aulby accountants. All dentists. The external Jew exhibit is opened, promoted stereotypes of Jews.

1938 Jews freed Germany, but no countries would take them

1939 Heidrich is ordered to speed up. Immigration of Jews. Jews were forced to handover all golden silver Nazi troops seize Czechoslovakia 350,000 jews, all Jews forced to wear yellow stars

1940 German Jews are deported to Poland, ghettos of lords. Kraków and Warsaw are sealed off.

1941 Nazis invade the Soviet Union Jewish population of 3 million

1942- wansee conference

The aftermath was the Nuremberg trials, which brought some of those responsible for the atrocities of the war to justice, 22 Nazi criminals, tried by the allies in the international military.1

Wansee Conference (1942)

A meeting between senior nazi officials, held in the berlin suburb of Wannsee. The goal of the meeting was to establish certain responsibilities for each individual leader of how the jews were descriminated. ordered by Hermann Göring to prepare for a final solution to the Jewish question. Heydrich organised a meeting with 15 top officials in Berlin Nazis all attempt to exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe. An estimated 11 million persons.

the final solution

The final solution outlined the plan to use gas for extermination and resulted in the development of extermination centres at Auschwitz, so before, and Treblinka Jews were moved from the ghettos to death camps. The whole process became like an industry as the camps were located near near the railway lines to speed up the transportation. in 1943 the Warsaw ghetto was destroyed and the Jews were transported to death camps 1944 Jews from all over German conquered lands were transported to death camps which were located away from Germany. As a result of a 6 million Jews were killed along with political opponents, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, gypsies, antisocial, and even russian prisoners of war.