Key Figures and Events of the Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance

revival of learning and of arts; means 'rebirth'; bridge from medieval history to modern history

Reformation

protest against the Roman Catholic Church; tried to reform the church

humanism

focus on man's capacity more than God; 'There is nothing to be seen more wonderful than man'

humanities

known as liberal arts; goal was to develop well-rounded individuals; education remedy sin

Italy

Birthplace of the Renaissance

Medici family

the most famous Renaissance patrons besides the Roman Church; became wealthy through commerce and banking; gained political control of France

Lorenzo de Medici

Called il magnifico; most notable and generous patron; brought Florence to become the most influential city

Florence

location of the beginning of the Renaissance

Francessco Petrarch

pioneer of Renaissance humanism; father of humanism; wrote poems and known for vernacular writing; influenced on later writers

frescoes

painting on wet plaster

Niccolò Machiavelli

diplomat for the Florentine government; wrote The Prince; 'It is much safer to be feared than loved'; 'The ends justify the means'; reflected on the political conditions of the day

Erasmus

the most honored and influential scholar of the Renaissance; wrote In Praise of Folly; uses satire to paint out evils and follies of the Renaissance; tried to reform the church; published a Greek New Testament

Thomas More

wrote Utopia; set out views of an ideal government

Miguel de Cervantes

wrote Don Quixote; made fun of medieval ideas

William Shakespeare

the greatest playwright of all time; greatest works were his tragedies

Renaissance art

emphasized physical world

patrons supported the artists

artists wanted to be known

realistic and 3 dimensional

painting and sculptor were their media

Renaissance man

well rounded individual

Giotto di Bondone

The most famous painter of the early Italian Renaissance; "Father of Renaissance painting"; famous for frescoes

Sandro Botticelli

added movement to paintings

High Renaissance Art

shifted the center of Renaissance to Rome

Leonardo de Vinci

great example of a Renaissance man; sculptor, architect, painter, and musician; painted The Last Supper and Mona Lisa; mastered perspectives

Raffaello Sanzio (Raphael)

painted the School of Athens; displayed balance and perspective

Michelangelo

one of the most famous artists in all of history; adopted by Lorenzo de Medici; painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Venice

queen of the Adriastic; late renaissance leading city

Triziano Vecelli

leading figure of the Venetian school of painting; remembered for his portraits

Tintorretto

the last great 16th century Venetian painters

Sistine Chapel

a chapel in the Vatican; ceiling painted by Michelangelo

Albrecht Dürer

German painter called the Leonardo of the North; remembered for his woodcarving and engravings; drew Praying Hands

Hans Holbein

finest portrait painter of the Northern Renaissance; official court painter for Henry VIII

architecture

designed spaces for more than church

Lorenzo Ghiberti

won the competition to design that doors of a baptistry in Florence

Brunelleschi

turned to architecture and built a cathedral dome in Florence; lost competition against Ghilberti

Donatello

leading sculptor of the early Renaissance; most famous sculptor the statue of David

Effects of the Renaissance

prepared the way for the Reformation

provokes a spirit of inquiry

revived interest in literature

developed moveable type printing (invented in 1440)

education became accessible

cons

stressed the individual

weakened moral restraints

humanism was on the rise

effects

worship of classical ideas

education can solve all problems

accepted that man by nature is god

Reformation

against Catholic church; spiritual awakening that swept across Europe during the 16th century

John Wycliffe

Englishmen that stood out against the Church; 'Morning Star of the Reformation'; resented claims of the papacy to the English church; Bible is the supreme authority for all believers; translated the Bible into English; bones dug up and burned

John Huss

Bohemian reformer; burned to death; influenced by Wycliffe

Martin Luther

Ninety-Five Theses; started the Reformation; became a monk; tried to earn his salvation; became a professor at Wittenberg; realized justification by faith

sola fide

justification by Faith alone; became the rallying cry of the Reformation

Leo X

pope at the beginning of Reformation; wanted to finish building St. Peters Basilica; sold indulgences; outset of reformation

indulgences

certificate

Johann Tetzel

Dominican friar that sold indulgences in Wittenburg; "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"

indulgences

certificates which, according to Catholicism, granted pardon from the punishment of sins

Ninety-Five Theses

posted on the church door in 1517; list of grievances written out by Martin Luther; became the symbol of defiance against corruption

Leipzig Debate

Luther against Eck; Luther said sola scriptura (Bible???)

Johann Eck

who went against Luther at the Leipzig Debate

Frederick the Wise

protected Luther from death at Leipzig

sola scripta

became fundamental to the Reformation

Charles V

German emperor; brought Luther to Worms to appear before the Diet; banned Luther's writings; Luther survived and died of natural causes

The Bible

translated into German by Luther; encouraged the reformers to continue

Diet of Worms

Luther was not able to defend himself

Philipp Melanchtan

Luther's friend and coworker; wrote the Augsburg Confession; set the chief doctrines for Luther and his followers

Francis I

king of France; rivaled Charles V

Suleiman

leader of the Ottoman Turks; invaded eastern portion of the HRE

Peace of Augsburg

allowed each prince to choose which religion would be allowed in his territory; people had to accept the religion or move

Switzerland

one of the first places outside of Germany to experience the Reformation

Ulrich Zwingli

early leader of the Swiss Renaissance; became a priest at a church in Zurich; drew up the 67 conclusions; said that Christ is the only way

Swiss Brethren

group not satisfied with Zwingli; became known as the anabaptists

Anabaptists

got rebaptized; persecuted by the city council

Anabaptist

true believers should be members; seperation of church and state

Memo Simons

found of the Mennonites; split into Amish

John Calvin

Swiss; became one of the most famous Reformers after Luther; wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion; influential book about theology; pastored in Geneva

Lollards

followers of John Wycliffe

Reformation in England

promoted by the English version of the Bible

Henry VIII

king of England during the Reformation; condemned Martin Luther; broke from the church for selfish reasons

Thomas Cranmer

appointed archbishop of Canterbury by Henry VIII; passed the Act of Supremacy

Edward VI

became king at a young age; Henry VIII's son; influenced by advisers

Mary I

devout Roman Catholic; daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon; persecuted Protestants; earned the nickname 'Bloody Mary'

Elizabeth I

ruled England effectively; 'Good Queen Bess'

Anglican Church

another name for the Church of England; became the stable church in England

Phillip II

son of Charles V; enhanced the Spanish Inquisition; brought the Spanish Armada to England

Spanish Armada

'Invincible Army'; defeated by England and storms; 1588; preserved England from Spanish and Catholic invasion; accelerated the decline of Spain

Spanish Inquisition

persecuted Jews, Muslims, and Christians

Puritans

wanted to purify the Church of England

Separatists

removed themselves from the Church

John Knox

leader of the Reformation in Scotland; influenced by John Calvin; established by the Presbyterian Church in Scotland

William of Orange

leader of the Protestant revolt in the Netherlands; defeated Spain with the help of England

Huguenots

French Protestants; persecuted heavily in France

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Catherine de Medici lured Huguenot leaders to Paris; 20,000 Huguenots were murdered; bloodiest day in history

Henry of Navarre

head of the Bourbon family; Huguenot king of France; Henry IV; became Catholic to appease the people

Edict of Nantes

allowed religious toleration to the Huguenots

Counter Reformation

Catholic Reformation; response to the Protestant Reformation; tried to clean up the outward moral problems

Jesuits

society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius of Loyola; vowed absolute obedience to the Pope; 'Ends justify the Means'

Paul III

reorganized the Inquisition; guilty until proven innocent

Index of Prohibited Books

condemned heretical book or versions of the Bible

Council of Trent

condemned many principles that Protestantism is based on; set faith a complete doctrinal position of the Roman church