social psychology exam two

what is the two factor theory of emotion

arousal from any source can have components of passion

what are compoents of love

intimacy, commitment, passion

how can you define passionate love?

bewildering confusion of ecstasy and anxiety

In the best relationship where there an initial romantic high what does this affection settle into?

companionate love

Define mere exposure?

attitude towards social change with increased exposure

What causes companionate love to endure?

partners feeling equitable→ giving what im getting

what is disclosure reciprocity?

state that each partner gradually reciprocates each other openness

What is the one reward of companionate love?

self-disclosure

what is the matching phenomenon

tendency men and women to choose partners who are “good match” in attractiveness and other traits

In a relation where the couple is dissimilar in attractivity, what is likely to occur?

likely to want to leave the relationship

what is asset-matching?

women go for older higher class men while men go for younger and more beautiful women

which effect does more exposure violate?

common-sense prediction of boredom→ decrease interest

when is mere exposure the strongest?

when we are not aware of the stimuli

what is the second determinant of initial attraction?

physical attractiveness

what does longitudinal study show us about couple satisfaction?

wife’s physical activeness predicts husband satisfaction than the alternative than the reverse

what are two traits of the reproductive strategy?

beauty is related to health, youth and fertility

attractive men have a higher sperm count

psychologist say mating psychology has wisdom however it is not hard-wired. How does our attraction vary in what we see?

depends on our social comparison standards what we are exposed to

What is the negatives of viewing pornographic?

decrease satisfaction for ones partner

how is self-perception ourself perception affected after viewing a more successful or attractive person of the same gender?

decreases in self desirability

what does mimicry behavioral similarity dictate?

people like those who act the same as they do

how can close relationships be sustained?

attitude alignment

What is system 1?

automatical, out of our awareness, result of intuition gut feeling

what is system two?

conscious attention and effort

how would you define priming?

unnotice but subtly influence how we interpret and recall information

what is this example indicating…”We stood by the bank” → we think the river or money

this is priming where an unheard word primes our interpretation of the sensenten

Watching scary movies at home activate emotions → interpret noises (furnace) as possible intruder

Priming

Depressed moods leads to negative associations

Priming

psychology students: reading about disorders leads to own understanding of moods

Priming

if our memories are a web what would awaken or active remembrance?

priming

much of our social information processing relies on which system?

automatic → relying on system 1

how can you define embodied cognition?

physical sensations); primes social judgments → vice versa

example: eating alone people judged rom temp food as colder then those eating with others → social exclusion feels cold

what is this an example of; eating alone people judged room temp food as colder than those eating with others → social exclusion feels cold

Embodied cognition

what is this an example of sitting on wobbly chair → others rated couples as unstable

Embodied cognition

synchronized bodies dancing, walking together, and singing may lead to synchronized spirits

Embodied cognition

what two processes combine in thinking?

• system 1: automatic processing (impulsive effortless, without awarness)

• system 2: controlled processing (reflective, deliberated and conscious)

how would you define automatic processing?

impulsive effortless, without awarness

how would you define controlled processing?

reflective, deliberated and conscious

the following are examples of what kind of thinking

• schemas: mental concepts/ templates that intuitively guide perceptions and interpretation of our experiences

• Emotional reactions occur before thinking

• sufficient expertise → playing piano recognize patterns

in this sequence what is being processed information travels → brain sensory switchboard (thalamus), emotional control centre (amygdala), before thinking cortex?

emotional reaction (automatic)

what are the limitations of intuition?

error-prone (hindsight judgments)

capacity for illusion

what is the Availability Heuristic?

soon as you preserve person is in a particular category we immediately create an impressions of them

in the case where a patient with brain damages would not shake their doctors hand after being shocked (she didn’t remember being shocked) what system was used as a form of memory? and why

system one, implicitly our bodies store memories with our conscious awareness. In this case, the patient cannot form new explicit memories, her controlled consciousness set a goal to protect her from being shocked again with her conscious knowledge.

subliminal stimulus: what effect did seeing a frowning pope have on catholic women who read a sexually erotic passage? Note faces of other people frowning were shown.

unaware of these women reported having low self-esteem

Overconfidence phenomenon

overestimate the accuracy of one belief, tendency to be more confident than correct

in the case that too much weight is given to one’s future intentions, what is this an example of?

overconfidence

why does overconfidence persist?

group members reward highly confident people with high-valued status

confirmation bias

eager to verify our beliefs less incline to seek evidence that might disprove them

which system does conformation bias appear in?

system 1 snap judgment

self-verification

sustaining a view of oneself through only remembering what aligns with self veviewiw

what effect does confirmation bias has on self-verification?

conformation bias can at times cause a shift in self-concept but our self concepts are then upheld by self-verification.

what is more reliable statistical predictions or human intuition

statistical prediction

what are overconfident and confirmation bias decision-maker likely to trust more?

intuitive judgments

what are two techniques to reduce overconfidence?

feedback and think why might my reason be wrong

heuristics

mental shortcut used to from judgments

representative heuristic

estimate the probability of an event based on a similar event that occurred (know the situation)

availability heuristic

cognitive bias that helps us make decisions on things based on the information that comes fastest to us

quick to infer general truth from vivid instances

availability heuristic

linda studied philosophy at university, as a student she cared deeply about discrimination and other social issues. Which of the following are likely to be true about Linda?

a. linda is a bank teller

b. linda is a bank teller active in the feminist movement

in which heuristic would you chose b ?

You would choose b in the representative heuristic because better rep the image of a feminist

what heuristic make use more sensitive to unfairness?

ex. students think their parents are harder on them than their siblings

availability because the vividness of us getting in troubled more

why is availability heuristic more convincing?

we are more emotional tuned and so anecdotes drive home the point that numbers do

what is counterfactual thinking?

mentally stimulating what might have been

what is this an example of “imagining better alternative“?

counterfactual thinking

what is this an example of “imaging worse alternative”?

counterfactual thinking

what does counterfactual thinking unline feelings of

luck good or bad

In the case of counterfactual thinking which situation, good or bad is like to stick with us?

bad

Define illusory thinking?

a search for order in random events (can lead us down wrong path)

illusory correlation

expect significance relationship to be associated to random events

Easily misperceive random events as confirming their

illusory correlation

what theory aligned with gambling?

illusory correlation (controlled breeds overconfidence)

In what instance is illusion of control easy to arise?

regression towards the average, thing are likely extremes but on second try it becomes more normal

mood and feeling inform what type of judgments?

social judgments

in relation to our environment, what comes from a gloomy mood? Note: mood colours your judgment.

primes our recollection of negative events

As predisposition and prejudgments affect how we interpret information, what does this tell you about reality?

we reposed to the realities we constructed, our schemas shape what we value, our attituds’s and beliefs

what term is this an example of “difficult to demolish falsehood once person conjures up rationale“

belief perseverance

how do current feelings feelings affect memory?

we reconstruct distant memories with our current feelings, expectations, and fragments of information

what is the misinformation effect?

incorporating misinformation into memory of an event, after witnessing an event, and then receiving misleading information about it. occurs in false confessions and child sex abuse

what effect does misinformation effect have on false accusation?

given suggestive interview question children memories may have been contaminated

what transpires in the brain to constitute the misinformation effect?

visualizing something activates the same location of the brain as actually experiencing it

reconstruction of past attitudes

we are attitudes change we want to believe we always felt this way before

attribution theory explains what?

how we explain peoples behaviour and what we infer from it

what is this an example of “men’s misreading women’s warmth as sexual come“?

ex. misinterpret subordinate woman as submissive

misattribution

when is misattribution likely to happen to men?

when they are position of power

define dispositional attribution?

attributing behavior to character

define situational attribution?

attributing behaviour to environmental

what is the inferring trait?

infer people’s actions are indicative of their intentions and dispositions

spontaneous trait interferences?

ease we infer traits onto people

what is the fundamental attribution?

underestimating impact of situation and overestimating the extent of reflection on individual trait and attitude

why do we tend to underestimate the situational determinant of other’s behaviour but not of our own?

actor vs observer difference, when acting environment, when observing person is the focal point environment is invisible. spontaneously infer trait

What is the positive attributions?

physical attractiveness serotype (what beautiful is good)

define the matching phenomenon?

tendency to choose partners who are a good match in attractivess

In this example what is being shown?

ex. Gr5 teacher given identical info on two children, with on appearing more attritive→ bias to more attractive child perceiving them as intelligent and successful in school

physical attractiveness stereotype

how does the self fulfilling prophecies relate the physical-attractiveness stereotypes?

attractive people are more value leading to social Confidence

evolution any attractiveness ( what like men)

hourglass more fertile, beauty relate to youth, health and fertility

evolution any attractiveness ( what like women )

Muscles, providers

What is the reward theory of attraction?

reward us / associate with rewarding experiences

Does enviroment play a role in the reward therory?

positive feelings linked with people

What hormones promote attachment?

oxytocin and vasopressin

What are the two attachment styles?

Secure, avoidant, anxious

Define Secure attachment?

rooted in trust and marked by intimacy

What attachment style is this an example of?

ex. 7 in 10 infants → explore unfamiliar place comfortably in mom’s presence when, she leave distress follows, she returns hold her and relax then go back to happily playing7 in 10 infants → explore unfamiliar place comfortably in mom’s presence when, she leave distress follows, she returns hold her and relax then go back to happily playing

Secure attachement