Protein Synthesis (copy)

3 bases

How many bases to code for each amino acid?

AUG

What is the START Codon?

UAA

What is the STOP Codon?

DNA

This is double-stranded, it is a 5 carbon sugar, has nitrogen bases, has deoxyribose, and the Nucleus makes up the chromosomes.

RNA

This is single-stranded, it is a 5 carbon sugar and ribose, has nitrogen bases, and the ribosomes, cytoplasm, and Rough ER make up the chromosomes for this.

1st step of Protein Synthesis

DNA sends directions on how to make needed protein and “summons” RNA

2nd Step of Protein Synthesis

mRNA goes to nucleus for directions and returns to ribosomes

3rd Step of Protein Synthesis

tRNA translates the message from mRNA

4th step of Protein Synthesis

tRNA fetches the needed amino acids from cytoplasm and brings to ribosome

5th step of Protein Synthesis

rRNA assembles new protein

Transcription

DNA to mRNA, This happens when DNA unzips and makes an RNA copy of itself, process by which a molecule of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA.

Translation

mRNA to tRNA, this happens when a sequence of bases in mRNA is used to make a sequence of amino acids, the process of decoding mRNA into a protein.

Hydrogen Bonds

What type of bonds do bases have?

Peptide Bonds

What type of bonds do amino acids have?

Covalent Bonds

What type of bonds do sugars have?

Transformation

when an organism accepts a bit of foreign DNA and is “transformed” to have new capabilities

Abiogenesis

theory that life could originate from nonliving things, aka Spontaneous Generation. Ex: Needham

Biogenesis

life originates only from other living things

Spallanzani

found significant errors in the experiments conducted by Needham and, after trying several variations on them, disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.

Francisco Redi

experiment with meat and was trying to disprove spontaneous generation by using flies and maggots. One jar was completely open, the other was tightly shut, and the other had a cloth over the jar, gauze was used to close the jars.

Louis Pasteur

his experiment disproved the myth of spontaneous generation.experiment showed that a boiled nutrient broth did not give rise spontaneously to new life, but that if direct access to air was permitted, the broth decomposed, implying that small organisms (in modern terms, microbial spores) had fallen in and started to grow in the broth.

Replication

Another term for DNA synthesis

Proteins and rRNA

Ribosomes are made up of two subunits

Cytosine

Nitrogenous base that bonds with guanine

DNA

Nucleic acid that carries the genetic code of an organism

Ase

Suffix that identifies a substance as an enzyme

Codon

Code word formed by three nitrogenous bases on a strand of mRNA

Enzyme

Protein molecule that can speed up a chemical reaction

Nucleotides

Molecular units that join to form DNA

Anticodon

Three nitrogenous bases on a strand of tRNA

mRNA

Molecule that carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

tRNA

molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome

Base

Type of pairing that holds together the two strands of DNA

Oxytocin

the pituitary hormone that helps regulate blood pressure, stimulates the uterus to contract during childbirth, and stimulates the production of milk after childbirth.

Ribosome

Where does Protein Synthesis take place in a cell?

Point Mutation

What would be the effect of a substitution of one of the bases in a Codon?

Frame Shift Mutation

What would be the effect of an addition or a deletion of one of the bases in a Codon?

Deoxyribose

sugar found in DNA

Mutation

any mistake or change in the DNA sequence

Plants

Chromosomal mutations are common in

Translocation

When part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome

Spontaneous Mutations

Mutations that occur at random

Mutagen

An agent that can cause a change in DNA

Sugar

Ribose is a type of

Uracil

In RNA, thymine is replaced by

Nucleus

In eukaryotic cells, RNA is copied from DNA in the

Transcription

New mRNA is made through the process of

Gene

A large region of DNA that directs the formation of a protein is called a(n)