Learning Unit 4

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Classical conditioning

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43 Terms

1

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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2

Acquisition

the initial stage of conditioning in which one links neural stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

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3

High-order conditioning

a process in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neural stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus

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4

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

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5

Spontaneous Recovery

the reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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6

Generalization

The tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses

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7

Discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US

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8

Cognitive variables

thoughts, perceptions and expectations that impact learning

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9

Learned helplessness

the passive resignation an organism learns when they are unable to avoid repeated adverse events.

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10

Biological predispostion

biological responses impact behavior and learning

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11

What did Martin Seiglemen’s study find?

That dogs administered an inescapable shock eventually stopped trying to escape even when conditions where changed

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12

What did John Garcia’s study find?

He did a taste aversion study that showed rats would avoid food and water sources that would make them sick

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13

Operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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14

Respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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15

Operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

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16

Law of effect

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, vice versa

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17

Shaping

procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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18

Successive approximations

Rewarding responses that are ever closer to the final desired behavior and ignore all others

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19

Discriminative stimulus

stimulus that elicits a response after association with reniforcement

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20

Reinforcer

something that increased the likelyhood that a behavior or response will occur

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21

Positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

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22

Negative reinforcement

increases behaviors by stopping or reducing a negative stimuli

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23

Primary reinforcer

reinforcer stimulus that satisfies a biological need

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24

Secondary reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its power through the primary reinforcer

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25

Delayed reinforcers

a reinforcer that is not given immediatly following desired behavior

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26

Continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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27

Partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time

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28

Fixed ratio

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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29

Variable ratio

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a random number of responses

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30

Fixed interval

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after specificed time has elapsed

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31

Variable interval

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at random time intervals

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32

Punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

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33

Positive punishment

add consequence to unwanted behavior

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34

Negative punishment

to remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior

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35

Latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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36

Insight learning

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

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37

Intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

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38

Extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

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39

Mirror neurons

front lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so-may enable imitation and empathy

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40

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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41

What did Albert Bandura’s experiment find?

He found that when a child watched an adult treat the doll a certain way, they would mimick that behavior

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42

Prosocial modeling

modeling positive behaviors can encourage learning

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43

Antisocial modeling

modeling negative behavior can encourage learning-hypocrisy is taught

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