Chapter 18: Parallel Structure

Parallel Structure

• Parallel structure refers to the use of consistent grammatical structure in a sentence or a series of sentences. It involves using the same pattern of words, phrases, or clauses to express similar ideas or elements.

• Parallel structure is important because it improves clarity, coherence, and readability of writing. It helps to create a balanced and harmonious flow of ideas, making the writing more effective and persuasive.

• Examples:

  • Incorrect: She likes to swim, running, and to hike.
  • Correct: She likes to swim, run, and hike.
  • Explanation: The incorrect example lacks parallel structure because the verb forms are inconsistent. The correct example uses the same verb form (infinitive) for each activity.
  • Incorrect: The teacher told the students to study for the test, to complete their homework, and that they should arrive on time.
  • Correct: The teacher told the students to study for the test, complete their homework, and arrive on time.
  • Explanation: The incorrect example lacks parallel structure because the verb forms are inconsistent. The correct example uses the same verb form (infinitive) for each action.

• Tips for Identifying Parallel Structure:

  1. Look for lists or series of items in a sentence.
  2. Check if the items in the list have the same grammatical structure.
  3. Pay attention to verb forms, verb tenses, and sentence patterns.
  4. Ensure that coordinating conjunctions (e.g., and, or, but) are used consistently.

• Common Errors to Avoid:

  • Mixing verb forms: e.g., She likes swimming, to run, and hiking.
  • Inconsistent verb tenses: e.g., He studied for the test, completing his homework, and will arrive on time.
  • Inconsistent sentence patterns: e.g., She enjoys swimming, running, and to hike.

Remember, parallel structure is an essential concept to master for the SATexams. It ensures clarity and coherence in your writing, leading to higher scores.

Parallel Structure with Multiple Sentences

• When dealing with multiple sentences on the SAT/ACT, it is important to ensure that the structure remains parallel throughout. This means that the same grammatical pattern should be used in each sentence.
• To achieve parallel structure, pay attention to the following elements:
  • Verb tense: Use consistent verb tenses across sentences.
  • Verb form: Maintain consistency in the form of verbs (e.g., infinitive, gerund, participle).
  • Sentence structure: Keep the structure of each sentence consistent.
  • Word order: Arrange words and phrases in a consistent manner.
• Here are some examples of parallel structure with multiple sentences:
  • Incorrect: She likes to swim, running, and to hike.
  • Correct: She likes to swim, run, and hike.
  • Incorrect: He enjoys playing basketball, to read books, and watching movies.
  • Correct: He enjoys playing basketball, reading books, and watching movies.
• Parallel structure is often tested in the SAT through questions that ask you to identify the error in a given sentence or choose the correct option to maintain parallelism.
• To identify errors, read each sentence carefully and check for consistency in verb tense, verb form, sentence structure, and word order.
• When choosing the correct option, look for the choice that maintains parallel structure and matches the pattern established in the previous sentences.