18.1 to 18.3 Organic Chemistry

Alkenes

Alkenes

________ are unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon- carbon double bonds (C= C)

Esters

________ are compounds with an- COOR functional group and are characterised by their sweet and fruity smells.

chain length

As carbon ________ increases the colour of the liquid gets darker as it gets thicker and more viscous.

Kerosene

________ and diesel oil are often cracked to produce petrol, other alkenes and hydrogen.

condensation reaction

They are prepared from the ________ between a carboxylic acid and alcohol with concentrated H2SO4 as catalyst.

similar properties

The molecules in each fraction have ________ and boiling points, which depend on the number of carbon atoms in the chain.

polishes

Lubricating oil: for lubricants, ________, waxes.

Fractional distillation

________ is carried out in a fractionating column.

Gradation

________ in their physical properties, such as melting and boiling point.

Alkanes

________ are a group of saturated hydrocarbons.

Naphtha

________: raw product for producing chemicals.

black liquid

It is a thick, sticky, ________ that is found under porous rock (under the ground and under the sea)

Hydrogen

________ and a higher proportion of alkenes are formed at higher temperatures and higher pressure.

Volatility

________ refers to the tendency of a substance to vaporise.

smaller alkanes

The molecules are broken up in a random way which produces a mixture of ________ and alkenes.

Hydrocarbons

________ are made from hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

chemical properties

This is a series or family of organic compounds that have similar features and ________ due to them having the same functional group.

Petroleum

________ is also called crude oil and is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons which also contains natural gas.

natural gas

Most common fossil fuels include coal, ________ and hydrocarbons such as methane and propane which are obtained from crude oil.

Structural isomers

________ are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

fuel

A(n) ________ is a substance which when burned, releases heat energy.

Organic chemistry

________ is the chemistry of carbon compounds.

C C

The presence of the double bond, ________, means they can make more bonds with other atoms by opening up the ________ bond and allowing incoming atoms to form another single bond with each carbon atom of the functional group.

Methane

________ is an alkane and is the major component of natural gas.

Organic compounds

________ can be represented in a number of ways.

catalytic cracking

A process called ________ is used to convert longer- chain molecules into short- chain and more useful hydrocarbons.

colourless compounds

They are ________ which have a gradual change in their physical properties as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases.

molecular mass

The liquid flows less easily with increasing ________.

Organic molecules

________ are classified by the dominant functional group on the molecule.

ethanoic acid

Propanol and ________ will give the ester propyl ethanoate.

homologous series

The functional group is a group of atoms which are bonded in a specific arrangement that is responsible for the characteristic reactions of each member of a(n) ________.

Kerosene

________: for making jet fuel (paraffin)

fractional distillation

The fractions in petroleum are separated from each other in a process called ________.

Petroleum

________ itself as a mixture isn't very useful but each component part of the mixture, called a fraction, is useful and each fraction has different applications.

Alkanes

________ are generally unreactive compounds but they do undergo combustion reactions, can be cracked into smaller molecules and can react with halogens in the presence of light.

Alkenes

________ can be used to make polymers and the hydrogen used to make ammonia.

1

General Formula

2

Displayed Formula

The names of organic compounds have two parts

the prefix (or stem) and the end part (or suffix)

Cracking involves heating the hydrocarbon molecules to around 600

700°C to vaporise them

Refinery gas

heating and cooking

Gasoline

fuel for cars (petrol)

Naphtha

raw product for producing chemicals

Kerosene

for making jet fuel (paraffin)

Diesel

fuel for diesel engines (gas oil)

Fuel oil

fuel for ships and for home heating

Lubricating oil

for lubricants, polishes, waxes

Bitumen

for surfacing roads

There are two types

chain and position