Medical Terminology Chapter 3- Skeletal System (Extended)

Bone, Bone Marrow, Cartilage, Joints, Ligaments, Synovial Membranes, Synovial Fluid, And Bursae

Skeletal System consists of…

Calcium

What does the bones store for normal nerve function?

Fontanelle

The soft undeveloped part of the skull in a infant that closes after 18 months.

Ossification

The process of turning fragile membranes and cartilage into bones. Starts at 3 moths of age and continues through out ones lifetime repairing minor and major injuries.

Osteoclast cells

Cells that break down old or damaged bone

Osteoblast cells

Cells that rebuild the bone

Second Hardest (after Dental enamel)

Bone is the ___ hardest tissue in the body

Periosteum (Peri- surrounding)

A tough fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of a bone

Compact Bone/Cortical bone

A dense, hard, and strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones . It accounts for 75% of the body’s bone matter.

Spongy Bone/Cancellous bone

A porous bone which is lighter and weaker then compact bone.

Red Bone Marrow

A marrow located in the spongy bone on the ends and inner portions of the long bones. This marrow creates erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.

Yellow Bone Marrow

Marrow found in the medullary cavity that stores fat. Starts out as red before half are turn to █████ Marrow.

Long bones

Femur, Humerus, ect

Short bones

Metacarpals, Tarsals, ect. Cubic shape made up of spongy bone covered in compact bone

Medullary cavity

The central cavity located in the shaft of long bones were it is surrounded by compact bone. Red and Yellow marrow are stored here.

Endosteum

The tissue that lines the medullary cavity

Hematopoietic

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

Cartilage

A smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. It is more elastic than bone, also makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton such as the outer ear and the tip of the nose.

Articular Cartilage

Cartilage that covers the surface of bones were they articulate and allows smooth joint movements.

Articulate

To come together to form joints

Meniscus

A curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the knee and temporomandibular joint in the jaw

Diaphysis

Shaft of the bone

Epiphyses (Epiphysis) (Proximal and Distal)

Wider ends of the long bones which are covered in articular cartilage.

Foramen

A opening in a bone which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass through. The █████ magnum is located in the occipital bone at the base of the skull

Process

A normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon. For example, the mastoid ____ is the bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears.

Articulations

Joints

Fibrous Joints

Inflexible layers of dense connective tissue that holds bones tightly together. Allows little or no movement. In adults its known as sutures

Cartilaginous Joints

Joints that only allow slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. Ex:

Coastal cartilage connects to the ribs and allow slight movement in breathing

Pubic symphysis allows movement to facilitate childbirth.

Pubic symphysis

A joint that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth. This joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior (front) of the pelvis

Synovial Joints

A joint where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions.

Ball-and-socket joints

Joints found in the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions

Hinge Joints

Joints found in the knees and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plan

Synovial Capsule

The outermost layer of strong fibrous tissues that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the █████ joint

Synovial Membrane

A membrane that lines the █████ capsule and secretes █████ fluid

Synovial Fluid

Fluid which flows in the █████ cavity and acts as a lubricant to allow smooth movement of the joints.

Ligaments

bands of fibrous tissue that from joints by connecting bone to bone or bone to cartilage.

Bursa

Fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movements in areas prone to fiction (such as where a tendon passes over a bone).

206 bones

The typical human body has ___ bones

Name the bones of the body

Axial Skeleton

80 bones of the head and body

Skull

Ossicles of the middle ear

Hyoid Bone

Rib Cage

Vertebral Column

Appendicular Skeleton

126 bones of the

Upper extremities

Lower extremities

Appendage (appendicular)

Anything that is attached to a major part of the body

Extremity

Terminal end of a body part

8 bones form the cranium, 14 form the face, 6 form the middle ear.

What number of bones composes the cranium, face, and middle ear of the skull.

Frontal Bone

Anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead. This bone houses the frontal sinuses and forms the roof of the ethmoid sinuses, the nose and part of the socket that protects the eyeball.

Parietal Bones

Two of the largest bones of the skull. Together they form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium.

Occipital Bone

A bone that forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium.

Temporal Bones

2 bones that form the sides and base of the cranium

External auditory meatus

The opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. This canal is located within the temporal bone on each side of the skull.

Sphenoid Bone

An irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull. This bone makes contact with all of the other cranial bones and helps form the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, and the floors and sides of the eye sockets.

Ethmoid Bone

The light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose. Here it separates the nasal cavity from the brain, and it also forms a portion of each orbit.

Orbit

Bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball

Auditory Ossicles

Three tiny bones in the ear

Malleus, incus, stapes

What are the auditory ossicles

Nasal Bones

Two bones that form the upper part of the bridge of the nose

Zygomatic Bones/ Cheekbones

Bones that articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead (Cheeks)

Maxillary bones (Maxilla)

Bone that forms the upper jaw

Palatine Bones

Two bones that form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose.

Lacrimal Bones

Two bones that make up part of the orbit in at the inner angle

Inferior Conchae (concha)

Two thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose

Vomer Bone

This bone forms the base for the nasal septum

Nasal Septum

The cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities

Mandible/Jawbone

The only movable bone of the skull attached at the temporomandibular joint.

Thoracic Cavity

The bony structure/cavity that protects the heart and lungs. It consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, but not including the arms.

Costals

Ribs

7 true ribs(directly attach) , 3 false ribs (Indirectly attached by costal cartilage) , 2 floating ribs (not attached at all)

What types of ribs are there?

Sternum/Breast Bone

Dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the chest were the ribs attach to

Manubrium

Bony structure that forms the top of the sternum

Gladiolus

Middle body of the sternum

Xiphoid process

The tip of the sternum made of cartilage

Pectoral girdle/ Shoulder girdle

The shoulders form the █████ girdle which supports the arms and hands

Clavicle/ Collarbone

slender bone that connects the manubrium to the scapula

Scapula

Shoulder bone is known as the

Acromion process

Extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder.

Humerus

Bone of the upper arm

Radius (radii)

The shorter bone of the forearm that runs up the thumb side

Ulna (ulnae)

The longer bone of the forearm that runs up the pinky side and articulates with the distal end of the humerus.

Olecranon/ Funny bone

proximal tip of the ulna that forms the point of the elbow. There is an exposed nerve which tingles when struck.

Carpals (Carpal)

8 bones that form the wrist

Carpal tunnel

The wrist bones form a narrow bony passage which the median nerve and tendons pass through.

Metacarpals

5 bones of the palms of the hand

Phalanges (phalanx)

14 bones of the fingers and toes

Distal, Middle, Proximal phalanges/phalanx (for the fingers and toes)

Distal and Proximal Phalanx (for the thumb and big toe)

The name of the bones of the fingers from outermost to innermost

Vertebral Column

Spinal column also known as the…

26 vertebrae (singular vertebra)

How many bony units in the spinal column

• Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

• Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

• Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

• Sacrum

• Coccyx

How many vertebra are in each section of the spinal column

Body of vertebra

Anterior portion of the vertebra that is solid to provide strength

Lamina

Posterior portion of the vertebra were the transverse and spinous processes extend from to serve as attachment points for muscles and tendons.

Vertebral Foramen

Opening in the middle of the vertebra which allows the spinal cord to pass through.

Intervertebral disks

Disks made of cartilage and pads of tissue which separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other and allow movement of the spine.

Nucleus Pulposus

The inner core of the intervertebral disks is made up of a soft gelatinous material which allows the disks to act as shock absorbers.

Ilium

Blade shape bone that forms the back and sides of the pelvis

Ischium

Lower posterior portion of the pelvis which the weight of the body is bared.

Sacroiliac (sacr/o— sacrum, ili— ilium)

the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium

Pubis

Anterior portion of the pelvis located inferior to the urinary bladder

Pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones

symphysis

a place where two bones are closely joined

Acetabulum

A large circular cavity where the head of the femur articulates with the pelvis to form the hip joint

Femur

Largest bone in the body

Head of the femur

What part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum