Perdev module 6-8

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98 Terms

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Family Relationships

These involve people who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and live together as a family.

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Friendships

Close connections between people sharing similar interests,
experiences, or hobbies. Unlike family relationships, friendships are formed by choice,

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Acquaintances/Casual Relationships

These are connections with people one
interacts with regularly but does not know well, such as classmates or neighbors.

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Romantic Relationships

These are special connections between people who have
a strong attraction to one another. These relationships typically involve dating, marriage, or a committed partnership, and are characterized by
love, trust, respect, and a desire to share life.

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Mary Ainsworth

esearch in the 1960s and 1970s introduced the idea that attachment
is like a “secure base” from which a child feels safe enough to explore the world.

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Secure Attachment

When a caregiver is responsive to a child’s physical and
emotional needs, the child feels confident and safe, even when the caregiver is not around

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Avoidant Attachment

If a child perceives their caregiver as distant or unresponsive
to their needs, they may feel rejected and avoid their caregiver.

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Resistant Attachment

Children with this attachment style, also known
as Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment, are often clingy and anxious.

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Attraction

is often defined as the action or power of
evoking interest or liking someone.

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Transference effect

This theory suggests that people may be attracted to someone
because that person reminds them of someone from their past, such as a previous relationship.

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Proximity effect

Also known as the propinquity effect, this theory states that people
are more likely to be attracted to others who are physically close to them.

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Similarity

People may like others who share their interests, backgrounds, and
experiences.

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Reciprocity

This concept explains that individuals are often attracted to people who
like them in return.

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Physical Attractiveness

Many people are drawn to others based on their looks, how
they present themselves, and overall physical appeal

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Personality Traits

A person’s character and personality traits, such as being
cheerful, confident, or outgoing, can also make them more attractive to others. These
positive traits are often seen as desirable in forming connections

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Love

is a powerful and complex emotion that involves changes in the body's chemistry,
strong affection, or devotion toward a subject.

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Helen Fisher

Stages of Love-Biological anthropologist Helen Fisher suggested
that love can be explained through biology. She explained love through three stages, each driven by different hormones and neurotransmitters in the brain

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Lust

This is the initial stage, driven by sex hormones like testosterone and
estrogen, making a person feel physically attracted to someone else Lust has anevolutionary purpose, encouraging reproduction to ensure the species' survival.

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Attraction

In this stage, a person experiences intense excitement and obsession
about the person they are attracted to. This is often the "lovestruck phase" of a relationship, where the brain releases dopamine and norepinephrine, making the person feel rewarded, euphoric, and energetic. On the other hand, serotonin levels drop, which can lead to the feeling of being "lovesick"–people tend to obsess about
their new lover and experience stress and anxiety leading to decreased appetite and sleep.

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Robert Sternberg


Triangular Theory of Love – Psychologist Robert Sternberg

describes love as having three key components, which can vary in intensity and change
over time:

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Passion

defined as drives that often lead to romance such as physical attraction,
sexual consummation, and an intense state of motivation to be with the person you love

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Intimacy

is about closeness, connection, and trust. It takes time to develop
because it is based on getting to know someone deeply. Once established, it adds warmth and depth to the relationship (

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Commitment

the decision to love someone and the dedication to maintain that
love over time (Myers, 2011). It involves a conscious effort to keep the relationship
strong.

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Non-Love

Components: None

Description: Absence of intimacy, passion, and commitment. This is
most casual interactions or acquaintances.

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infatuation

Components: Passion

Description: A relationship is driven by strong physical attraction or
emotional arousal but lacking in intimacy and
commitment.

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Liking/Friendship

Components: Intimacy

Description: A relationship characterized by closeness and emotional
connection without passion or long-term commitment

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Empty Love

Components: Commitment

Description: A relationship where commitment remains, but passion
and intimacy have faded. This may occur in long-term
relationships that have grown stagnant.

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Romantic Love

Component: Intimacy +
Passion

Description: A relationship with emotional closeness and physical
attraction, but without a long-term commitment

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Companionate Love

Components: Intimacy + Commitment

Description: A deep emotional connection with a long-term
commitment, but without intense passion. Common in
long-term marriages or deep friendships

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Fatuous Love

Component: Passion + Commitment

Desctiption: A whirlwind relationship is driven by passion and
commitment but lacks emotional intimacy. It is often seen
in quick marriages.

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Consummate Love

Components: Intimacy + Passion + Commitment

Description: The ideal form of love where intimacy, passion, and
commitment are all present. This is often the goal of
romantic relationships.

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Commitment

in a relationship is a significant decision that develops over time. It involves feelings and actions that help partners stay together and maintain their bond.

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Rewards of the Relationship

the more satisfied someone is with the benefits
or positive aspects like emotional support, financial stability, and physical safety in the relationship, the more likely to stay committed

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Temptation from Alternative Partners

the presence of other attractive people can
reduce commitment if someone sees them as more appealing

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Investments in the Relationship

the more a couple has invested in their
relationship, including time, shared experiences, and even having children together, the more likely they are to remain committed.

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Consent

means giving clear permission for something to happen, especially in physical
or sexual interactions

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Boundaries

are the personal limits a person
sets to protect their physical, emotional, and
mental well-being.

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Words of Affirmation

Expressing love through compliments and kind words

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Quality Time

Spending time together and giving someone your full attention.

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Physical Touch

Showing love through physical contact like hugs and handholding

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Acts of Service

Showing love by doing helpful things for others.

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Receiving Gifts

Feeling loved through thoughtful gifts

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Dr. John Gottman

a well-known couple’s therapist, identified behaviors that can harm
relationships: criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling. These behaviors,
known as the Four Horsemen, are destructive and need to be addressed to maintain a
healthy relationship (Gottman & Gottman, 2015

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Criticism

occurs when someone attacks their partner’s
character instead of addressing a specific issue

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Defensiveness

happens when a person acts like the victim and
tries to shift the blame onto their partner

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Contempt

the most harmful of the Four Horsemen; it involves
treating the partner with disrespect, mocking, or
acting superior.

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Stonewalling

a person withdraws from the conversation to avoid
conflict, creating a sense of distance and
disappointment

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Social relationships

refer to how people relate
or interact with another individual or entity

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social role

s a set of norms that describes how individuals should act in each
social position (Myers, 2011). These roles guide how people behave in various
situations

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Social influence

happens when one person's actions
or words cause others to change their beliefs,
attitudes, or behavior.

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Obedience

a person follows orders from an authority figure without questioning them

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Conformity

someone changes their behavior or beliefs to fit in with a group, often
because of real or imagined social pressure.

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Compliance

a person publicly acts following an explicit request that they do not
necessarily believe or agree with while privately disagreeing

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Persuasion


someone uses a message to change others' beliefs, attitudes, or

behaviors. The message an individual or entity conveys enables them to promote that
message.

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Group Influence

happens when being part of a group affects how you think or
behave.

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Social Facilitation

The tendency to perform better on tasks when others are
watching

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Social Loafing

The tendency to put in less effort when working in a group
because they assume others will pick up the slack

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Deindividuation

People act differently in groups than they would as
individuals, whether good or bad.

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Group Polarization

Being in a group can lead to more extreme decisions or
opinions than one might make.

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Groupthink

Groups sometimes make poor decisions to avoid conflict and
maintain harmony.

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Minority Influence

A small group can influence the majority, even when
outnumbered

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Leadership

is valuable for adolescents because it helps develop skills like responsibility,
teamwork, communication, and decision-making.

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Great Man Theory

This theory suggests that leaders are born to be leaders, not
made. It proposes that certain people are naturally destined to lead.

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Trait Theory

According to this theory, people with certain personality traits—like
being confident, smart, and determined—are likely to be good leaders

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Contingency Theory

This theory argues that there isn’t just one right way to lead.
The best leadership style depends on the situation and the people involved

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Behavioral Theory

This theory suggests that you can learn leadership. It believes
leaders are made through experience and practice, not born with natural abilities.

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Leadership styles

are how leaders guide, influence, and motivate their followers. Each
style has its approach to achieving goals, depending on the leader's personality and the
situation.

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Charismatic Leadership

Charismatic leaders use their charm and personality to get
the admiration and loyalty of their followers. They care about their followers' well-being and make them feel valued.

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Participative Leadership

Participative leaders involve their team in decision-
making. They encourage sharing ideas and act as facilitators, making group decisions
rather than dictating orders

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Situational Leadership

Situational leaders adapt their leadership style based on the
situation, the abilities of their team, and their strengths. They adjust to fit the circumstances and the needs of their followers.

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Transactional Leadership

Transactional leaders motivate their followers with
rewards and punishments. They focus on performance and clearly define expectations
and consequences.

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Transformational Leadership

Transformational leaders inspire followers by
appealing to their values and goals. They use their strengths to motivate others and help
them achieve a shared vision

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The Quiet Leader

Quiet leaders lead by example. They do not give commands but
inspire others through their actions, allowing followers to follow their lead naturally

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Servant Leadership

Servant leaders prioritize the needs of their followers above
their own. They act as caretakers, ensuring the well-being and success of their team before themselves.

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Belen Medina

expands on this idea by saying that a family is "two or
more persons who share resources, share responsibility for decisions, share
values and goals, and have a commitment to each other over time."

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Family

is where a person first learns about the world.

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Procreation

The family is an institution recognized for performing the duty of having
children and raising them with love and care

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Economic Provision

Parents provide for their children's basic needs, including food,
shelter, clothing, and additional necessities for growth

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Socialization

Families help children learn social skills, proper behavior, and good
character by interacting with others and engaging in various activities.

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Sense of Security

A family offers emotional support, giving members a safe place
to feel secure, especially during challenging times, ensuring they never feel alone.

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Nuclear Family

Also known as the traditional family, this consists of a mother, father,
and their children. While traditionally, the father worked and the mother stayed home,
both parents may now work, or the roles may be reversed

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Single Parent Family

In this family, one parent raises their children and provides for
their needs, sometimes with support from relatives. This setup often results from
separation, divorce, or the death of a spouse.

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Extended Family

Common in many
cultures, especially in Asia, an extended
family includes not only parents and
children but also relatives like
grandparents, aunts, uncles, and
cousins, living together or in close
proximity

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Stepfamily

his family is formed when one or both parents have children from previous relationships. These families come together after a divorce, separation, or the death of a spouse, combining two separate family units (Encyclopedia of Children’s Health, 2014).

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Childless Family

Some couples do not have children, either by choice or due to
circumstances like health issues. They may focus on careers, hobbies, or even pets to bring fulfillment to their lives

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Grandparent Family

In some cases, grandparents take over raising their
grandchildren when parents are absent for various reasons, such as death or legal issues

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Cohabiting couples

These couples live together without being legally married but
share household responsibilities. They may also raise children, either adopted or from
previous relationships.

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Same-sex family

Same-sex couples can raise children, either through adoption or
one partner’s biological child. The family functions similarly to any other family setup, with two mothers or two fathers

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Adoptive family

In this family, parents adopt a child and raise them as their own,
providing love, care, and support like any biological family.

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Bruner and Ledbetter

defined family legacy as a heritage passed on from parents to
children, whether social, emotional, spiritual, or sometimes material. This legacy, possibly
good or bad or both, influences the children as they journey through life.

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Emotional Legacy

This is the emotional environment parents create for their children.

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Social Legacy

This refers to the social skills and values children learn at home and
how to interact with others, which guide their relationships and behavior throughout life

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Moral/Spiritual Legacy

Parents pass down moral or spiritual beliefs through example
and guidance, helping children develop a strong sense of ethics and values

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Parenting styles

refer to how parents interact with their children and guide their
development

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Authoritarian Parenting

This is when parents establish rules and expect children to
follow them and the rules they set without exception.

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Authoritative Parenting

This style involves parents setting and explaining rules to
children.

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Permissive Parenting

In this parenting style,
parents do not offer much discipline. They are
lenient, acting more like a friend than a parent,
stepping in only when necessary.

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Uninvolved Parenting

Uninvolved parents tend to be neglectful.