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Family Relationships
These involve people who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and live together as a family.
Friendships
Close connections between people sharing similar interests,
experiences, or hobbies. Unlike family relationships, friendships are formed by choice,
Acquaintances/Casual Relationships
These are connections with people one
interacts with regularly but does not know well, such as classmates or neighbors.
Romantic Relationships
These are special connections between people who have
a strong attraction to one another. These relationships typically involve dating, marriage, or a committed partnership, and are characterized by
love, trust, respect, and a desire to share life.
Mary Ainsworth
esearch in the 1960s and 1970s introduced the idea that attachment
is like a “secure base” from which a child feels safe enough to explore the world.
Secure Attachment
When a caregiver is responsive to a child’s physical and
emotional needs, the child feels confident and safe, even when the caregiver is not around
Avoidant Attachment
If a child perceives their caregiver as distant or unresponsive
to their needs, they may feel rejected and avoid their caregiver.
Resistant Attachment
Children with this attachment style, also known
as Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment, are often clingy and anxious.
Attraction
is often defined as the action or power of
evoking interest or liking someone.
Transference effect
This theory suggests that people may be attracted to someone
because that person reminds them of someone from their past, such as a previous relationship.
Proximity effect
Also known as the propinquity effect, this theory states that people
are more likely to be attracted to others who are physically close to them.
Similarity
People may like others who share their interests, backgrounds, and
experiences.
Reciprocity
This concept explains that individuals are often attracted to people who
like them in return.
Physical Attractiveness
Many people are drawn to others based on their looks, how
they present themselves, and overall physical appeal
Personality Traits
A person’s character and personality traits, such as being
cheerful, confident, or outgoing, can also make them more attractive to others. These
positive traits are often seen as desirable in forming connections
Love
is a powerful and complex emotion that involves changes in the body's chemistry,
strong affection, or devotion toward a subject.
Helen Fisher
Stages of Love-Biological anthropologist Helen Fisher suggested
that love can be explained through biology. She explained love through three stages, each driven by different hormones and neurotransmitters in the brain
Lust
This is the initial stage, driven by sex hormones like testosterone and
estrogen, making a person feel physically attracted to someone else Lust has anevolutionary purpose, encouraging reproduction to ensure the species' survival.
Attraction
In this stage, a person experiences intense excitement and obsession
about the person they are attracted to. This is often the "lovestruck phase" of a relationship, where the brain releases dopamine and norepinephrine, making the person feel rewarded, euphoric, and energetic. On the other hand, serotonin levels drop, which can lead to the feeling of being "lovesick"–people tend to obsess about
their new lover and experience stress and anxiety leading to decreased appetite and sleep.
Robert Sternberg
Triangular Theory of Love – Psychologist Robert Sternberg
describes love as having three key components, which can vary in intensity and change
over time:
Passion
defined as drives that often lead to romance such as physical attraction,
sexual consummation, and an intense state of motivation to be with the person you love
Intimacy
is about closeness, connection, and trust. It takes time to develop
because it is based on getting to know someone deeply. Once established, it adds warmth and depth to the relationship (
Commitment
the decision to love someone and the dedication to maintain that
love over time (Myers, 2011). It involves a conscious effort to keep the relationship
strong.
Non-Love
Components: None
Description: Absence of intimacy, passion, and commitment. This is
most casual interactions or acquaintances.
infatuation
Components: Passion
Description: A relationship is driven by strong physical attraction or
emotional arousal but lacking in intimacy and
commitment.
Liking/Friendship
Components: Intimacy
Description: A relationship characterized by closeness and emotional
connection without passion or long-term commitment
Empty Love
Components: Commitment
Description: A relationship where commitment remains, but passion
and intimacy have faded. This may occur in long-term
relationships that have grown stagnant.
Romantic Love
Component: Intimacy +
Passion
Description: A relationship with emotional closeness and physical
attraction, but without a long-term commitment
Companionate Love
Components: Intimacy + Commitment
Description: A deep emotional connection with a long-term
commitment, but without intense passion. Common in
long-term marriages or deep friendships
Fatuous Love
Component: Passion + Commitment
Desctiption: A whirlwind relationship is driven by passion and
commitment but lacks emotional intimacy. It is often seen
in quick marriages.
Consummate Love
Components: Intimacy + Passion + Commitment
Description: The ideal form of love where intimacy, passion, and
commitment are all present. This is often the goal of
romantic relationships.
Commitment
in a relationship is a significant decision that develops over time. It involves feelings and actions that help partners stay together and maintain their bond.
Rewards of the Relationship
the more satisfied someone is with the benefits
or positive aspects like emotional support, financial stability, and physical safety in the relationship, the more likely to stay committed
Temptation from Alternative Partners
the presence of other attractive people can
reduce commitment if someone sees them as more appealing
Investments in the Relationship
the more a couple has invested in their
relationship, including time, shared experiences, and even having children together, the more likely they are to remain committed.
Consent
means giving clear permission for something to happen, especially in physical
or sexual interactions
Boundaries
are the personal limits a person
sets to protect their physical, emotional, and
mental well-being.
Words of Affirmation
Expressing love through compliments and kind words
Quality Time
Spending time together and giving someone your full attention.
Physical Touch
Showing love through physical contact like hugs and handholding
Acts of Service
Showing love by doing helpful things for others.
Receiving Gifts
Feeling loved through thoughtful gifts
Dr. John Gottman
a well-known couple’s therapist, identified behaviors that can harm
relationships: criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling. These behaviors,
known as the Four Horsemen, are destructive and need to be addressed to maintain a
healthy relationship (Gottman & Gottman, 2015
Criticism
occurs when someone attacks their partner’s
character instead of addressing a specific issue
Defensiveness
happens when a person acts like the victim and
tries to shift the blame onto their partner
Contempt
the most harmful of the Four Horsemen; it involves
treating the partner with disrespect, mocking, or
acting superior.
Stonewalling
a person withdraws from the conversation to avoid
conflict, creating a sense of distance and
disappointment
Social relationships
refer to how people relate
or interact with another individual or entity
social role
s a set of norms that describes how individuals should act in each
social position (Myers, 2011). These roles guide how people behave in various
situations
Social influence
happens when one person's actions
or words cause others to change their beliefs,
attitudes, or behavior.
Obedience
a person follows orders from an authority figure without questioning them
Conformity
someone changes their behavior or beliefs to fit in with a group, often
because of real or imagined social pressure.
Compliance
a person publicly acts following an explicit request that they do not
necessarily believe or agree with while privately disagreeing
Persuasion
someone uses a message to change others' beliefs, attitudes, or
behaviors. The message an individual or entity conveys enables them to promote that
message.
Group Influence
happens when being part of a group affects how you think or
behave.
Social Facilitation
The tendency to perform better on tasks when others are
watching
Social Loafing
The tendency to put in less effort when working in a group
because they assume others will pick up the slack
Deindividuation
People act differently in groups than they would as
individuals, whether good or bad.
Group Polarization
Being in a group can lead to more extreme decisions or
opinions than one might make.
Groupthink
Groups sometimes make poor decisions to avoid conflict and
maintain harmony.
Minority Influence
A small group can influence the majority, even when
outnumbered
Leadership
is valuable for adolescents because it helps develop skills like responsibility,
teamwork, communication, and decision-making.
Great Man Theory
This theory suggests that leaders are born to be leaders, not
made. It proposes that certain people are naturally destined to lead.
Trait Theory
According to this theory, people with certain personality traits—like
being confident, smart, and determined—are likely to be good leaders
Contingency Theory
This theory argues that there isn’t just one right way to lead.
The best leadership style depends on the situation and the people involved
Behavioral Theory
This theory suggests that you can learn leadership. It believes
leaders are made through experience and practice, not born with natural abilities.
Leadership styles
are how leaders guide, influence, and motivate their followers. Each
style has its approach to achieving goals, depending on the leader's personality and the
situation.
Charismatic Leadership
Charismatic leaders use their charm and personality to get
the admiration and loyalty of their followers. They care about their followers' well-being and make them feel valued.
Participative Leadership
Participative leaders involve their team in decision-
making. They encourage sharing ideas and act as facilitators, making group decisions
rather than dictating orders
Situational Leadership
Situational leaders adapt their leadership style based on the
situation, the abilities of their team, and their strengths. They adjust to fit the circumstances and the needs of their followers.
Transactional Leadership
Transactional leaders motivate their followers with
rewards and punishments. They focus on performance and clearly define expectations
and consequences.
Transformational Leadership
Transformational leaders inspire followers by
appealing to their values and goals. They use their strengths to motivate others and help
them achieve a shared vision
The Quiet Leader
Quiet leaders lead by example. They do not give commands but
inspire others through their actions, allowing followers to follow their lead naturally
Servant Leadership
Servant leaders prioritize the needs of their followers above
their own. They act as caretakers, ensuring the well-being and success of their team before themselves.
Belen Medina
expands on this idea by saying that a family is "two or
more persons who share resources, share responsibility for decisions, share
values and goals, and have a commitment to each other over time."
Family
is where a person first learns about the world.
Procreation
The family is an institution recognized for performing the duty of having
children and raising them with love and care
Economic Provision
Parents provide for their children's basic needs, including food,
shelter, clothing, and additional necessities for growth
Socialization
Families help children learn social skills, proper behavior, and good
character by interacting with others and engaging in various activities.
Sense of Security
A family offers emotional support, giving members a safe place
to feel secure, especially during challenging times, ensuring they never feel alone.
Nuclear Family
Also known as the traditional family, this consists of a mother, father,
and their children. While traditionally, the father worked and the mother stayed home,
both parents may now work, or the roles may be reversed
Single Parent Family
In this family, one parent raises their children and provides for
their needs, sometimes with support from relatives. This setup often results from
separation, divorce, or the death of a spouse.
Extended Family
Common in many
cultures, especially in Asia, an extended
family includes not only parents and
children but also relatives like
grandparents, aunts, uncles, and
cousins, living together or in close
proximity
Stepfamily
his family is formed when one or both parents have children from previous relationships. These families come together after a divorce, separation, or the death of a spouse, combining two separate family units (Encyclopedia of Children’s Health, 2014).
Childless Family
Some couples do not have children, either by choice or due to
circumstances like health issues. They may focus on careers, hobbies, or even pets to bring fulfillment to their lives
Grandparent Family
In some cases, grandparents take over raising their
grandchildren when parents are absent for various reasons, such as death or legal issues
Cohabiting couples
These couples live together without being legally married but
share household responsibilities. They may also raise children, either adopted or from
previous relationships.
Same-sex family
Same-sex couples can raise children, either through adoption or
one partner’s biological child. The family functions similarly to any other family setup, with two mothers or two fathers
Adoptive family
In this family, parents adopt a child and raise them as their own,
providing love, care, and support like any biological family.
Bruner and Ledbetter
defined family legacy as a heritage passed on from parents to
children, whether social, emotional, spiritual, or sometimes material. This legacy, possibly
good or bad or both, influences the children as they journey through life.
Emotional Legacy
This is the emotional environment parents create for their children.
Social Legacy
This refers to the social skills and values children learn at home and
how to interact with others, which guide their relationships and behavior throughout life
Moral/Spiritual Legacy
Parents pass down moral or spiritual beliefs through example
and guidance, helping children develop a strong sense of ethics and values
Parenting styles
refer to how parents interact with their children and guide their
development
Authoritarian Parenting
This is when parents establish rules and expect children to
follow them and the rules they set without exception.
Authoritative Parenting
This style involves parents setting and explaining rules to
children.
Permissive Parenting
In this parenting style,
parents do not offer much discipline. They are
lenient, acting more like a friend than a parent,
stepping in only when necessary.
Uninvolved Parenting
Uninvolved parents tend to be neglectful.