3.5.1 Photosynthesis

Biology

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, energy carrier in cells.

Phosphorylation

Adding a phosphate group to ADP.

ATP Synthase

Enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP.

ATP Hydrolysis

Breakdown of ATP into ADP and Pi.

ATP Hydrolase

Enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis.

Energy Release

Energy released during ATP hydrolysis.

Stomata

Pores for gas exchange in leaves.

Chloroplast

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs.

Thylakoids

Membrane structures where light reactions occur.

Photophosphorylation

Formation of ATP using light energy.

Photolysis

Splitting water molecules during photosynthesis.

Electron Transport Chain

Series of proteins transferring electrons.

Chemiosmosis

Proton gradient drives ATP synthesis.

NADPH

Reduced coenzyme used in light-independent reactions.

Calvin Cycle

Light-independent reactions producing glucose.

Rubisco

Enzyme catalyzing CO2 fixation in Calvin Cycle.

Glycerate 3-Phosphate (GP)

3-carbon compound formed in Calvin Cycle.

Triose Phosphate (TP)

Product of GP reduction in Calvin Cycle.

Compensation Point

Balance of O2 produced and consumed.

Limiting Factors

Conditions affecting photosynthesis rate.

Light Intensity

Affects energy available for photosynthesis.

Optimum Wavelength

Best light wavelengths for chlorophyll absorption.

Temperature

Optimal around 25°C for enzyme activity.

Commercial Greenhouses

Controlled environments to optimize plant growth.

Xylem

Vascular tissue transporting water to cells.

Phloem

Vascular tissue transporting sugars from photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll

Pigment absorbing light for photosynthesis.

Cyclic Photophosphorylation

ATP production without NADPH or oxygen.

Stroma

Fluid-filled matrix in chloroplasts.