theories of personality exam 2

therapists attitudes (rogers)

congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathy

congruence (as it pertains to therapists)

being real/transparent and 100% genuine with clients

Unconditional positive regard

acceptance without judgement

empathy

deep understanding of clients feelings

b-needs

higher level needs that promote growth (truth, beauty, justice, creativity, goodness)

example of b-needs

someone who is safe and loved pursuing art for personal fulfillment

congruence (general)

match between self-concept and reality/actual experience

d-needs

lower level needs (physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem)

hierarchy of needs

self actualization, esteem, love/belonging, safety, physiological

incongruence

mismatch between self-concept and experience/reality (leads to anxiety)

metamotivation

motivation of self actualization, people focused on growth rather than deficiency

2 forms of motivation

deficiency and growth

deficiency motivation

behaviors driven by a sense of lack, need, or imbalance (something essential is missing)

growth motivation

behaviors driven by a desire to expand, develop, and fulfill one’s potential

peak experience

intense moment of joy, insight, wholeness of transcendence

positive regard

need to feel accepted and valued by others

self actualization

realizing ones full potential and becoming what one is capable of becoming

anxiety (rollo may)

threat to one’s values or sense of being; arises from awareness of freedom and responsibility

daimonic

natural human motive or impulse that can take over the personality if not integrated

Existentialism

Philosophy emphasizing freedom, choice, responsibility, and search for meaning

main goal of integration

to integrate daimonic impulses and various aspects of personality so the person can live authentically

May’s stages of the consciousness of self

innocence, rebellion, ordinary consciousness of self, creative consciousness of self

innocence (in terms of May)

pre self consciousness (infants)

rebellion (in terms of May)

seeking freedom without responsibility (teenager)

ordinary consciousness of self (in terms of May)

adult level with responsibilities

creative consciousness of self (in terms of May)

authentic engagement and self actualization

powerlessness

feeling unable to influence ones world or life outcomes; common in modern society

personality (Allport)

dynamic organization of psychophysical systems that determines unique behavior and thoughts

6 criteria for maturity (Allport)

extension of sense of self, warm relating to others, emotional security, realistic perception, insight and humor, unified philosophy of life

cardinal disposition

dominating trait of a persons entire life

central disposition

general traits that define a persons personality

common trait

traits used to describe groups of people, culturally shared (americans = high individuality)

functional autonomy

behaviors continue because they are reinforcing the present, not because of the past

need (murray)

internal forces that organize and direct behavior

Thematic Apperception Test

projective test when people tell stories about ambiguous pictures to reveal motives

perseveration functional autonomy

behavior that continue due to simple habit, not deeper meaning

personal disposition

unique traits specific to an individual

personology

study of individual lives through motives, needs, and environmental influences

press (murray)

environmental forces that influence behavior (competitive classroom increases achievement)

Propriate functional autonomy

behaviors continue because they are central to a persons identity

proprium (the core self)

aspects that give a sense of identity and continuity

secondary disposition

more limited or situational traits (someone who is usually shy but is talkative online)

behavioral genetics

study of genetics and environmental influences on behavior and personality

big 5 personality factors

openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Personality (Cattell)

allows us to predict what a person will do in a given situation

Darwin

theory of evolution influenced the idea that personality traits may be adaptive

evolutionary psychology

explains behavior and personality in terms of evolved adaptive functions

factor analysis

statistical method used to cluster correlated traits into factors

five factor theory

traits are biologically based and stable, influencing behavior via characteristic adaptations

heritability

proportion of trait variation that can be attributed to genetic factors

NEO-PI-R

personality test that measures the Big Five factor model and 30 subfacets

surface traits

observable behaviors

sources traits

underlying factors that produce surface traits

3 types of conflict

approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance

approach-approach

choosing between two desirable options

avoidance-avoidance

choosing between two undesirable options

approach-avoidance

one goal has both positive and negative aspects

4 step learning process

drive, cue, response, reinforcement

habits

learned association between cue and responses that reduce drive

operant conditioning

learning through consequence

positive reinforcement

adding to increase (candy for good behavior)

negative reinforcement

taking to increase (seatbelt alarm beeping until you put it on)

positive punishment

adding to decrease (pushups for being late)

negative punishment

taking to decrease (taking a toy for throwing a tantrum)

classical conditioning

pairing a neutral stimulus with a unconditioned stimulus to get a conditioned response

reinforcement schedules

continuous, interval, ratio

continuous reinforcement schedule

reward every time

interval reinforcement schedule

reward after timed intervals

ratio reinforcement schedule

reward after number of responses

personality (skinner)

collection of learned behaviors shaped by reinforcement history

personality (Eysenck)

stable organization of character, temperament, intellect and physique determining behavior

hierarchy of personality

specific responses, habitual responses, traits, superfactors

visceral brain

limbic system; contributes to emotionality and neuroticism

superfactors

extraversion vs introversion, emotionality vs stability, intelligence, psychoticism