Test

Griffith's Experiment

Demonstrated that bacteria can pass on traits to other offspring.

Chargaff's Rule

The amount of Adenine always equals Thymine and Cytosine always equals Guanine.

Watson and Crick

Used X-ray data to determine the structure of DNA's double helix.

Semi-conservative replication

Description of DNA replication where each strand serves as a template for a new strand.

DNA nucleotide

Made up of deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

Nitrogen bases of DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine.

Complementary base pairs

Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine.

DNA replication

The process by which a cell copies its DNA.

Steps of DNA replication

1. DNA Helicase unzips the DNA. 2. DNA Primase adds primers. 3. DNA Polymerase III attaches nucleotides. 4. DNA Polymerase I replaces the primer. 5. Ligase connects Okazaki fragments.

Transcription

The process of synthesizing RNA from DNA.

Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

RNA types

mRNA - messenger RNA; tRNA - transfer RNA.

Protein synthesis

The process by which cells create proteins from amino acids using genetic information.

Amino acid coding

Each mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid.

Mutation

A mistake in the DNA code.

Point mutation

Change in one nitrogen base that alters a single protein.

Mitosis phases

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Causes of cancer

Mutations that cause uncontrolled cell growth.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division.

What is the interphase?

DNA unzips

What is prophase?

the centrioles (in animal cells) move to opposite poles of the cell.

The spindle fibers begin to form from the centrosomes and attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes.

What is the metaphase

things line up

What is the anaphase

things move away from centromere

What is the telophase?

results in two identical nuclei