Test

Review for DNA, Mitosis, Cell Cycle, Protein Synthesis & Gene Mutations

History of DNA Structure 

(Use your notes on the “History of DNA” to find this information.

1. Griffith's Experiment with mice and bacteria demonstrated that bacteria can pass on

traits to other __offspring_. He called the transforming factor that passed on the

trait to the offspring a gene?

2. Chargaff discovered that the amount or number of Adenine molecules always equaled the number of thymine_ and Cytosine always equaled __guanine_.

3. This is known as the rules of chargaff rule_.

4. James watson_and Francis crick_used information from xray_’s radiograph of DNA to figure out the structure of the DNA double helix.

5. Meselson and Stahl identified how DNA makes identical copies of itself during replication. The term used to describe this type of replication (unzipping the double helix and using each half to collect complementary base pairs) is known as  __semi-conservative replication_.

DNA Structure & Replication

5. Draw and label a DNA double helix with 4 labeled rungs, then take a picture and insert it here 

6. Draw a DNA nucleotide monomer and label the 3 parts that make it up, then take a picture and insert it here  ___

DNA Double Helix  

7. Deoxyribose and phosphate groups make the sides of the DNA ladder.

What are the names of the 4 nitrogen bases of DNA that make up the rungs?

 __Adenine_  Thymine_  Guanine_  Cytosine_

8. What are the 2 complementary base pairs of DNA?  adenine - thymine_ &  __guanine_  - cytosine_

9. DNA is found in the  Nucleus_ in Eukaryotic cells.

10. DNA is found in the  Cytoplasm_ in prokaryotic cells like bacteria.

11. When a cell copies its DNA the process is called DNA replication_.

DNA Replication 

12. Complete the  steps of DNA Replication

1. Enzyme DNA Helicase  unzips_ the DNA Double helix.

2. DNA primase_ adds primers to the DNA strand

3. Enzyme DNA Polymerase III attaches nucleotides of  covalent bonds_ to the original strands of DNA.   

4.   Enzyme DNA ___Polymerase____ _1 replaces the primer with the proper bases

5. Connecting the Okazaki fragments would be the enzyme ligase____. 

6. There are now 2 _  copies of the DNA that are genetically identical_. 

13. A cell needs to copy its DNA before the start of cell division_ to make a new cell.

Protein Synthesis

14. The DNA code is used to make or synthesize proteins_ 

15. Which organelle assembles amino acids to make proteins?  ribosomes_ 

16. Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA

17. What is meant by protein synthesis? the process by which cells create proteins from amino acids, using the genetic information encoded in DNA _ 

18. Put the following in order of appearance during the process of protein synthesis by typing the name next to the number below:

    Functional Protein     Translation    Polypeptide Chain      

    Transcription              DNA               Folded up

1. DNA_ 

2. transcription_ 

3. polypeptide chain_ 

4. translation_ 

5. folded up_ 

6. functional protein_ 

19. Where does transcription take place?  in the nucleus_ 

20. List the 3 steps of transcription in the correct order:

1. initiation_ 

2. longation_ 

3. termination_ 

21. Where does translation happen?  outside nucleus_ 

22. In protein synthesis information is translated from the language of nitrogen bases to

the language of  sequence of amino acids__ 

23. List the 3 steps of translation in the correct order:

1. initiation_ 

2. longatin_ 

3. termination_ 

24. mRNA can be decoded using different types of decoders. Both types shown, use a

mRNA codons to find out what amino acid is being coded for.

25. How many nitrogen bases make up a mRNA codon? 3_

26. How many amino acids code for 1 amino acid  8_ ?

27. How many amino acids would a  strand of DNA, that was 15 nitrogen bases long, code for? ___

28. What is it called when there is a mistake in the DNA code?  mutation_

29. A change in the DNA code would make a change in the   initial__  codon.

30. A change in the codon might result in a change in the  amino_ acid sequence.

31. A change in the polypeptide chain could cause a  deformed_ shaped protein to be formed.

32. Proteins with different shapes perform differently   ___.

Chromosomes and Genes

33. During interphase in the S phase of the cell cycle DNA is unwrapped_. 

34. (use the picture below) A single chromatid is replicated into two sister_ chromatids that are held together by the  covalent bonds__.

35. (Look at the picture above)  What is a section of DNA that codes for a trait, called? gene_ 

36. DNA is supercoiled around histone proteins to form chromosomes. Is there more than one gene in a chromosome?  no_ 

a. What is the difference between a gene and a chromosome?   A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a specific protein or RNA molecule, while a chromosome is a structure within the cell that contains multiple gene

b. One   gene_ codes for 1 protein.

c. One   chromosome_ can code for thousands of proteins.

37. What type of  mutation is a change in one nitrogen base that changes 1 protein. point mutation_ 

38. List the 3 steps of transcription in the correct order:

1. initiation_ 

2. elongation_ 

3. termination_ 

NOTE: Depending on which protein is changed, and what it is used for, a mutation like this can cause a large or small change in the individual.

39. Sometimes gene mutations can be more deadly than a  chromosome_ mutation.

40. Look at the 2 karyotypes below.

39. Chromosome mutations involve having  less_ chromosomes or   more_ chromosomes.

Sometimes large sections of chromosomes are swapped, gained or lost.

40. By changing the sequence of the nitrogen bases in a corn plant, the plant can be

made to make different   proteins_ as it grows.

MITOSIS - The Division of Nuclear Materials

The acronym “PMAT” can help you remember that mitosis does the following phases in order:

                       Prophase > Metaphase > Anaphase > Telophase

Cells spend most of their time in Interphase which includes the other steps of the cell cycle except mitosis and cytokinesis.

41. Describe each of the stages of mitosis in the table below. 

42. What are the stages of the cell cycle? G2,G1,S,Mitosis,Cytokinesis,G0._

43. What are the causes of cancer?  Mutations_

44. How does cancer cell growth differ from normal cell growth? Cancer cells grow without stopping and ignoring all checkpoints and quicker._

Gene Mutations:

45. Use the mutation chart above to fill in the table below.

Compare each type of mutation to the “Normal DNA/Protein” to fill in the chart.