Time period 3

Sovereignty

The ability of people to rule themselves independently

Scientific Revolution

applying logic and reason to the natural world, using observation and experimentation

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and physicist, laws of motion and gravity. very influential in european exploration because they use laws of motion to navigate tides.

Enlightenment

Applying reason and logic to govt., reason over tradition, France is epicenter

Philosophes

Philosophers of the Enlightenment, use reason and logic in the world around them

Social Contract

Giving up some rights to strong central govt in return for protection

Natural Rights

Rights you are born with: Life, Liberty, and property (John Locke)

Mary Wollstonecraft

Argues for education for women because it will help make them better. (not fighting for equal rights)

Romanticism

Art movement that emphasized emotion

Conservatism

Maintain the status quo

Deism

Belief that divinity set natural laws but is not involved in the everyday life.

Nationalism

pride in one's country

Liberalism

More freedom to the people

radicals

Someone who takes the extreme political belief

John Locke

English philosopher, Natural rights: life, liberty, and property

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Believes in the general will of the people. Wrote the Social Contract.

Baron Von Montesquieu

French philosopher most known for having 3 branches of government to check the power of each other.

Thomas Hobbes

Absolute monarchy, people are born naturally evil, and writes the book leviathan

Immanuel Kant

First person to categorize people by race

separation of powers

Dividing power between 3 branches

Balance of power

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation or political branch from becoming too strong

Parliment

the lawmaking, legislative body of the govt representative of the people

Glorious revolution

absolute monarch James II gets driven out by William and Mary - replaced by a constitutional monarchy

Citizen

a legal member of a country with rights and responsibilities

Civil Rights

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

Seven Years War

France and Great Britain fighting over American land

Estate System

France's social class structure (clergy, nobility, and everyone else)

French Revolution

Starts in 1789 because France has no money and is increasing taxes. The citizens are tired of it. Napoleon becomes the first dictator

Guillotine

Used for execution, cut off heads. "More humane"

Declaration of Rights of Man

Result of French Revolution, declaring the rights they want for citizens

American Revolution

The 13 colonies of America fight for independence with the help of France (first revolution)

Declaration of Independence

The 13 colonies of America declare independence from Great Britain because of taxes, restrictions, lack of representation, etc.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence. One of the founding fathers, 3rd president of the US

Bourgeoisie

The wealthy white men of the middle class. New money middle class (French word, but not only in France)

Tennis Court Oath

When the 3rd estate breaks off from the govt. to make their own. Kicks off the French Revolution

Primogeniture

Will passes onto the first born sons

Maroons

Escaped Slaves

Creoles

Spanish born in the Americas

Peninsulares

Spanish from Spain

Napoleon Bonaparte

French rule, comes to power at the end of the French Revolution. World's first modern dictator.

Napoleonic Code

Legal code by Napoleon. Redrafted the rights of French citizens. This made men equal before the law

Absolute Monarchy

Power to one person

King Louis XVI

Absolute monarch before the French Revolution. Got decapitated

Maximilien Robespierre

Started the reign of terror, and was the lead of chopping off heads in 1793

Miguel Hidalgo

Catholic priest in Mexico that works for the rights of the poor farmers. (Many are mestizo) decapitated

Jose Morales

Takes Hidalgo's place to continue fighting for mestizo farmers

Jose de San Martin

Similar to Bolivar but in Southern South America (Uruguay, paraguay, and Chile)

Dom Pedro I

King of Portugal that gets exiled when Napoleon takes over Portugal. Flees to Brazil and rules there.

Simon Bolivar

"The liberator" Leader of independence in South America. Starts the fight against the Spanish for independence

Spanish American Revolution

All of the fights for independence in Latin America. Starts with Napoleon taking control of Spain. Started by Creoles because they want equality.

Gran Colombia

Bolivar's plan to unite South America into 1 country

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution

Jamaica Letter

Haiti's declaration of independence.

Haitian Revolution

When the slaves of Haiti rose up for Independence because of the French revolution and the rights that came from it. 1789

Grand Blancs

"Big Whites", plantation owners, rich upperclassmen

Petit Blancs

"Small Whites", poor, white underclass

Saint Domingue

Richest Colony in the Americas. Sugar colonies owned by France. Becomes Haiti

Haiti

Modern Day Saint Domingue

Popular Sovereignty

Govt, rellies on the will of the people

Populist Politics

Voting leaders on personality, not policy

Self-Determination

People who want to rule for themselves

Nationalism

Pride for one's nation

Nation

Group of people

Zionism

Movement for Jewish nationalism

Teodor Herzl

British Jewish man who pushes Zionism movement

Count Cavour

Leader of piedmont Sardinia. One of the leaders of the push for Italian nationalism

Giuseppe Mazzini

Military leader supporting Cavour

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Fighting to bring together Southern Italy

Otto von Bismarck

A Prussian politician who became Germany's first-ever chancellor

Realpolitik

Govt. Looking to make changes that the people actually want

Levee en masse

"Taxes for everyone" also recruitment into the military

Congress of Vienna

Meeting that is held by European powers after the defeat of Napoleon. Where Balance of Powers comes from. Holds off WWI

Klemens von Metternich

Barren of Austria that builds the Congress of Vienna

Imperialism

Larger Nation takes over a smaller nation

Queen Victoria

The queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901, symbolizing British imperial expansion.

Social Darwinism

Applies the concept of natural selection to human societies, often used to justify imperialism and racism.

Nationalism

Emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation, often leading to the desire for self-governance.

White Man's Burden

Western nations have an obligation to civilize non-Western peoples.

Rudyard Kipling

British author and poet known for his works on imperialism, including the poem 'The White Man's Burden'.

Industrialization

Development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale, which often fueled imperial expansion.

Dr. David Livingstone

Scottish missionary and explorer known for his explorations in Africa and advocacy against the slave trade.

Henry Morton Stanley

American explorer best known for his expeditions in Africa and for finding Livingstone.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium who ruled the Congo Free State as his personal territory and was notorious for exploitation and atrocities. After rubber

Cape Colony

British colony in present-day South Africa that was a center of colonial activity in Southern Africa.

Afrikaners

Dutch descendants in South Africa, primarily farmers, who formed a distinct cultural group.

Boers

Afrikaner farmers in South Africa involved in the Boer Wars against the British.

Boer Wars

Conflicts between the British Empire and the Boer republics in South Africa

Sepoys

Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company.

British Raj

The period of British rule over India

Sino-Japanese War

Conflict between China and Japan over influence in Korea.

Suez Canal

A man-made waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, crucial for trade.

Cairo

The capital city of Egypt

Corvee Laborers

Compelled to work on public projects as a form of unpaid labor.

Liberia

West African country founded by freed American slaves.

Congo Free State

Large area in Central Africa ruled by King Leopold II, infamous for its exploitation.

Abyssinia

Ancient name for Ethiopia, a nation that resisted colonization.

Settler Colonies

Settlers from the colonizing country establish permanent residences.

Manifest Destiny

Expansion of the US across the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Rubber

Valuable resource extracted from rubber trees, heavily exploited in the Congo.

Palm oil

Major commodity produced in West Africa, used in various products.