Introduction - Body Structures and Organ Systems

Epithelial Tissue

covers body surfaces and lines body cavities, forming barriers and playing roles in absorption and secretion

Connective Tissue

supports, protects, and binds organs.

• Examples include the bones, blood, and fat

Muscle Tissue

includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, each crucial for movement

Nervous Tissue

composes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves transmitting impulses that regulate body functions.

Integumentary System

includes the skin, hair, and nails.

• protects against environmental hazards, regulates body temperature

Skeletal System

composed of bones and joints.

• provides support, protects internal organs and produces blood cells

Muscular System

consists of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

• Facilities movement with skeletal muscles, supports circulation with cardiac muscle, and propels various substances with smooth muscles.

Nervous System

includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

• Controls body functions via electrical signals and processes information

Endocrine System

glands and hormone-producing cells. Regulates long-term changes in the body such as growth and development.

• components: endocrine glands

• function: secretion of hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, behavior, and reproduction

Cardiovascular System

• components: heart and blood vessels.

• functions: supply of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removal of metabolic waste. Circulates blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes.

Lymphatic System

• components:Lymph nodes lymph vessels.

• functions: aid in circulation, also immunity and transport of digested fats. Returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens.

Respiratory System

• components: Lungs and air/breathing passages.

• functions: ventilation of lungs and exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the atmosphere. Delivers air to where gas exchange can occur between air and circulating blood.

Digestive System

• components; digestive organs from mouth to anus, including esophagus, stomach, intestine; accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas).

• functions: food intake, breakdown of good into usable nutrients, absorption of nutrients into the circulation and elimination of undigested waste

Urinary System

• components: Kidneys and organs that transport and store urine; ureters, bladder, and urethra.

• functionsl eliminates waste from the body and regulates water and chemical balance.

Reproductive System

• components: sex glands (ovaries, testes) and organs associated with transport of germ cells (eggs, sperm) and gestation (uterus)

• functions: production of offspring.

Organization of the body

1. Cells make up tissues

2. Tissues make up organs

3. Organs make up organ systems

4. Organ systems which work together to allow the body to function as a whole

Cells

are the smallest unit of life and represent the most basic level of organization in the human body. Not all cells in the body are identical, each is specialized to carry out specific functions

Tissues

groups of similar specialized cells that work together to perform a common task

Organs

structures composed of different types of tissues working together to perform a specific function

Organ system

group of organs that work together to carry out more complex functions for the body

4 Major Tissue groups

1. Epithelial Tissue

2. Connective Tissue

3. Muscle Tissue

4. Nervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

covers internal and external body structures and forms glands

Epithelial gland types

1. Endocrine gland

2. Exocrine gland

3. Sweat gland

Connective Tissue

provides structure and support for the body and helps hold organs in place in their body cavities

Types of Connective tissue

1. Loose connective tissue

2. Fibrous connective tissue

3. Adipose (fat) tissue

4. Cartilage

5. Bone

6. Blood

Muscle Tissue

contracts to allow the body to move

3 types of Muscle tissue

1. Smooth muscle

2. Cardiac muscle

3. Skeletal muscle

Nervous Tissue

carries messages throughout the body to direct its activities

Protection, support, and movement

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

Coordination and control

1. Nervous

2. Endocrine

Circulation and immunity

1. Cardiovascular

2. Lymphatic

Energy supply and fluid balance

1. Respiratory

2. Digestive

3. Urinary

Production of offspring

Reproductive

Effects of Aging

1. Gradual changes occur in all body systems

2. some changes are harmless (wrinkles and grey hair)

3. some changes may result in injury and disease

   1. decreased kidney function

   2. loss of bone mass

   3. formation of deposits within blood vessels

What is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist?

the structure of the stomach

Which system is composed of bones and joints?

Skeletal system

Homeostasis

body’s maintenance of internal balance

• regulated variables must be kept with a narrow range (set point)

Homeostasis regulated variables include

1. body temperature

2. volume and composition of body fluids

3. blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide

4. blood pressure

Negative Feedback

keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift

Components of negative feedback loops

1. sensor measures the level of the variable

2. control center compares sensor inputs with set point

3. effector increases or decreases activity to alter the level of the regulated variable

4. signals carry information between the components

What are the 3 components of a negative feedback loop?

1. Sensor

2. Control center

3. Effector

Flow

the movement of a substance from one area to another

• examples: blood flow, diffusion, air flow

Gradient

a difference in a specific physical or chemical value between two areas

• examples: pressure, temperature, concentration

Resistance

factors that inhibit flow down a gradient

• examples: barriers, friction

What will happen to the rate of movement if the angle of the ramp increases?

movement will increase if the angle of the ramp increases (which increases the gradient)

If the surface of the ramp provides more resistance?

movement will slow if the surface of the ramp provides more resistance