GastroIntestinal System

Hematoemesis

coffee-ground/ has been sitting around or further away from the exit

Frank Blood

bright red blood/ acute bleeding near the exit

Melena

black and tarry stool/ has been sitting around

Occult Blood

hidden blood/ need test to detect

Steatorrhea

fatty floating stool

Clay-Colored Stool

stool without bile

Fecal Smelling Vomit

deep brown color/ blockage in the intestine

Diarrhea originating from the small intestine

large, loose, and provoked by eating with pain in the RLQ

Diarrhea originating from the large intestine

small and frequent, pain in the LLQ

Acute Diarrhea

Causes: viral, bacterial, or due to medications. Timing: self-limiting

Chronic Diarrhea

Causes: irritable bowel disease, malabsorption, endocrine issues, chemotherapy + radiation. Timing: longer than 4 weeks

Manifestations of Constipaiton

pain during bowel movement, inability to pass stool after pushing for 10 minutes, no bowel movement for 3 days, hypoactive bowel sounds.

Dumping Syndrome

rapid gastric emptying

Early Manifestations of Dumping Syndrome

happens 10-30 minutes after meal, cramps + diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, feeling bloated/ too full

Late Manifestations of Dumping Syndrome

occurs 1-3 hours after meal, flushing/sweating, dizzy/lightheadedness, and rapid heart rate.

Duodenal Ulcer

occurs in duodenum

Causes: H.Pylori and excessive acid

Relieved with food

Gastric Ulcer

Occurs in the stomach

Causes: malignancy or NSAID use

Worsens with eating

Two types of viral hepatitis transmitted through oral/fecal route

hepatitis A and E

3 types of viral hepatitis transmitted through blood and body fluids

hepatitis B, C, and D

2 types of viral hepatitis with vaccines

hepatitis A and B

When does Chron’s disease develop?

Adolescence

Where in the GI tract does Chron’s Disease occur?

whole GI tract, skip lesions

What physical changes does Crohn’s cause?

cobblestone appearance

Manifestations of Crohn’s

abdominal cramping, diarrhea, steatorrhea, melena

When in life does Ulcerative Colitis develop?

2nd or 3rd decade of life

Where in the GI tract does ulcerative colitis occur?

rectum and colon mucosa

What physical changes does ulcerative colitis cause?

granulation tissue forms along with necrosis

Manifestations of Ulcerative Colitis

diarrhea 20X per day, tenesmus, proctitis, nausea, vomiting

Three things both Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis have in common

weight loss, joint pain, abdominal cramping, and inflammation

Celiac Disease

Unable to digest gluten, primarily childhood disease, manifests around 4-6 months of age

Hepatitis

RUQ pain, low grade fever, jaundice, increased AST/ALT levels, AST:ALT ratio= 1

Appendicitis

sharp RLQ abdominal pain localizes to McBurney’s point, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, leukocytosis

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Non-Inflammatory, intermittent abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea exacerbated with eating, relieved with defecation, triggered by stress

Pyloric Stenosis

projectile vomiting after eating, failure to gain weight, dehydration, occurs 3 weeks of life

Diverticulitis

LLQ abdominal tenderness, abdominal cramping followed by passage of large amount of frank blood

Peritonitis

Abdominal rigidity, rebound tenderness, Blumberg’s sign

Hiatal Hernia

frequent belching, soft upper abdominal mass, indigestion/heartburn

Stress Ulcer

Develops from major physiological stressor, stomach, first indicator hemorrhage with frank blood vomiting

Cholecystitis

Murphy’s sing, RUQ pain radiating to R scapula, pain worsens after fatty meal

Cirrhosis

Ascites, jaundice, portal hypertension, dark urine, clay-colored stool, varicosities in esophagus, increased AST and ALT, AST:ALT ratio = AST > ALT

Intestinal (Bowel) Obstruction

Borborygmi, decreased or absent bowel sounds, fecal smelling vomitus

Dysphagia

Odynophagia, drooling, pocketing of food in cheeks, choking, and coughing,

Chronic Pancreatitis

Steatorrhea, upper abdominal pain, losing weight without trying, constipation, flatulence

Cholelithiasis

Biliary colic, pain radiates to R scapula, clay-colored stools, jaundice

GERD

heartburn often confused with angina, dry cough, sensation of lump in the throat

Acute Pancreatitis

upper abdominal pain radiates to back, pain worsens with eating, nausea, vomiting, pain relieved by pulling knees to chest; Cullen’s sign and Grey Turner Sign

Intussusception

Intervals of sudden abdominal pain, palpable sausage-shaped mass in RUQ, stool resemble red currant jelly

Hirschsprung’s Disease

congenital anganglionic megacolon, abdominal distention, failure to pass meconium within 24 hours to 48 hours in newborn.