Cancer and HIV & AIDS Lecture Notes

A collection of flashcards covering key concepts, definitions, and facts about cancer and HIV & AIDS, based on the lecture notes provided.

What is cancer as defined by the National Cancer Institute (2021)?

Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells divide and spread to other parts of the body.

What are carcinomas?

Cancers that arise in the epithelium and account for about 80% of human cancers.

Examples of adenocarcinomas include which types of cancer?

Breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer.

What are sarcomas?

Cancers of the supporting tissues of the body, such as bone, muscle, cartilage, and fat.

What is the main risk factor associated with lung cancer?

Tobacco use.

What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?

They act as brakes on cell growth and control over cell growth.

What is the significance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in cancer?

Mutations in these genes are associated with a higher risk of ovarian and breast cancers.

What environmental factor is most associated with melanoma deaths?

UV radiation from the sun.

What are dietary antipromoters?

Fruits and vegetables that are rich in phytochemicals and vitamins that can prevent oxidation of cells.

What is the purpose of a low-microbial or neutropenic diet in cancer management?

To minimize the risk of foodborne infections due to a suppressed immune system.

What common warning signs may indicate cancer?

Changes in size, color, or shape of a mole, persistent cough, unexplained weight loss, and unusual bleeding.

How does smoking affect cancer risk?

It increases the risk of developing some types of cancer, particularly lung cancer.

What is the relationship between diet and cancer risk?

Certain dietary factors can promote the growth of cancer or have protective effects against it.

What is the function of proto-oncogenes?

They promote normal cell growth and division; when defective, they become oncogenes.

What is tumor progression in cancer?

The process where malignant cells invade and damage normal tissues and organs.

What is the progression of HIV infection?

It progresses through three stages: early-stage infection, clinical latency, and full-blown AIDS.

What is AIDS?

The end stage of an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

How can HIV be transmitted?

Through body fluids containing the virus, including blood, semen, and breast milk.

What are common early symptoms of HIV infection?

Fever, sore throat, malaise, swollen lymph nodes, skin rashes, joint pain, and diarrhea.

What is the significance of opportunistic infections in AIDS?

They occur due to the weakened immune system in AIDS patients.

What does antiretroviral therapy do?

It suppresses the replication of the virus, helping to prevent the deterioration of the immune system.

What nutritional considerations are important for patients with HIV?

High-protein and high-calorie diets to support tissue repair and meet increased metabolic demands.

What are the potential side effects of certain antiretroviral drugs?

They can cause liver toxicity, pancreatitis, and fat metabolism issues.

What is the role of diet in managing cancer?

Nutrition can affect DNA repair, gene expression, and overall cancer progression.

What is the role of imaging tests in cancer diagnosis?

Imaging tests such as CT scans and MRIs are used to create detailed images of tumors or abnormalities.

What does a biopsy entail in cancer diagnosis?

Removal of a tissue sample for microscopic examination to determine the presence of cancer.

What causes the depletion of CD4 T cells in HIV?

HIV infection and replication lead to the loss of these crucial immune cells.

What is the impact of environmental factors on cancer risk?

Certain environmental exposures can contribute to genetic mutations and increase cancer risk.

What are the potential benefits of a high-protein diet for cancer patients?

It may help slow muscle loss and improve treatment tolerance.

What cancer types are particularly influenced by dietary fat?

Breast, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers are associated with high dietary fat intake.

What is the importance of small frequent meals for patients undergoing cancer treatment?

To help combat nausea and ensure adequate caloric intake during treatment.

How does cancer therapy affect nutritional needs?

Cancer treatments often increase metabolic demands and may suppress appetite.

What is the effect of folate metabolism inhibition by methotrexate?

It increases the risk of folate deficiency, which is crucial for DNA synthesis.

What does the term 'carcinogenesis' refer to?

The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

What are common nutritional therapies used alongside cancer treatments?

Enteral and parenteral nutrition support.

What are the classifications of cancers based on their origin?

Carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and melanomas.

What factors contribute to the progression of HIV to AIDS?

CD4 cell depletion and the immune system's inability to respond to infections.

What lifestyle behaviors are associated with an increased risk of HIV transmission?

Unprotected sex and sharing needles among drug users.

What does a fourth generation HIV test detect?

Both HIV antibodies and antigens for early diagnosis.

Why is screening for cancers important in cancer management?

Early detection can improve treatment outcomes and survival rates.

How do nutrient-drug interactions affect cancer treatment?

Certain nutrients can inhibit the efficacy of chemotherapy by affecting drug metabolism.

What mutation types are commonly involved in cancer initiation?

Genetic mutations affecting DNA repair and promoting abnormal cell growth.

What is the significance of lifestyle factors in preventing cancer?

Healthy lifestyle modifications can reduce risk factors for various cancers.

What are the clinical implications of hereditary cancer syndromes?

They increase the likelihood of developing certain types of cancer in families.

What is an important dietary consideration for those with gastrointestinal impairments due to cancer?

Special diets that accommodate swallowing and absorption issues may be necessary.

What role does culture play in dietary management for cancer patients?

Cultural preferences can influence food choices and affect nutritional intake.