Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins

Which of the following lipids is the major component measured in lipid profiles?

• Phospholipids

• Cholesterol

• Triglycerides

• Free Fatty Acids

Triglycerides

What type of fatty acid is oleic acid (18:1n9)?

• Saturated Fatty Acid

• Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

• Trans Fatty Acid

• Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

What is the half-life of LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)?

• 6 hours

• 30 minutes

• 12-24 hours

• 1-2 days

12-24 hours

Which lipoprotein is primarily responsible for transporting triglycerides?

• VLDL

• Chylomicrons

• IDL

• LDL

VLDL

What potential health impact is associated with high levels of saturated fatty acids?

• Improved HDL levels

• Reduction of foam cells

• Increased energy levels

• Negative cardiovascular impact

Negative cardiovascular impact

Which measurement is critical for assessing cardiovascular risk in men?

• LDL/HDL ratio > 4.4

• LDL/HDL ratio > 5

• Triglycerides > 150

• HDL > 60

LDL/HDL ratio > 5

What strategy can enhance HDL levels according to the notes?

• High-dose statin therapy

• Increased intake of trans fats

• Eliminating omega-3 fatty acids

• Regular light exercise

Regular light exercise

Omega-3 fatty acids are noted for their role in which of the following?

• Increasing LDL levels

• Increasing cholesterol synthesis

• Lowering TAG levels

• Enhancing plaque formation

Lowering TAG levels

What is a potential side effect of statin medication?

• Constipation Increased

• triglyceride levels

• Decreased HDL levels

• Rhabdomyolysis

Rhabdomyolysis is a serious condition characterized by the breakdown of muscle tissue, leading to the release of muscle fiber contents into the bloodstream, which can result in kidney damage.

Children under 10 years should not be prescribed which type of medication?

• Niacin

• Statins

• Ezetimibe

• Fibrates

Statins

Which type of fatty acids are essential and include linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids?

• Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

• Saturated Fatty Acids

• Monounsaturated

• Fatty Acids Trans Fatty

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

What role do chylomicrons play in lipid transport?

• Carry dietary lipids from the intestine
  to the bloodstream

• Transport triglycerides to the liver

• Form foam cells in arteries

• Enhance HDL levels

Carry dietary lipids from the intestine
to the bloodstream

Which dietary component should children be encouraged to consume for growth and
development?

• Omega-3 fatty acids

• Trans fats

• Saturated fats

• Cholesterol-lowering medications

Omega-3 fatty acids

Bile Acid Sequestrants reduce plasma LDL levels by doing what?

• Increasing cholesterol synthesis

• Interfering with bile acid recirculation

• Blocking dietary cholesterol absorption

• Enhancing TAG reduction

Interfering with bile acid recirculation

Which of the following fatty acids are generally recognized as having health benefits?

• Long-chain saturated fatty acids

• High trans fatty acids

• Short-chain omega-6 fatty acids

• Monounsaturated fatty acids

Monounsaturated fatty acids

What is a characteristic of phospholipids and cholesterol in plasma?

• They are only found as triglycerides

• They are exclusively saturated

• They only transport fat-soluble
  vitamins

• They exist as unesterified and
  cholesterol esters
  

They exist as unesterified and
cholesterol esters

Increasing which lipoprotein can improve cardiovascular health?

• HDL

• VLDL

• IDL

• LDL

HDL

Which of the following is NOT a type of fatty acid discussed in the notes?

• Saturated

• Monounsaturated

• Polyunsaturated

• Selenium Fatty Acid

Selenium Fatty Acid

Foam cell formation in arteries is primarily associated with which lipid type?

• Tricyanides

• Phospholipids

• Fibrates

• Cholesterol

Cholesterol

What is the major caution regarding high concentrations of oleic acid?

• Too much can lead to weight gain

• It may contribute to increased LDL
  levels

• Excessive intake could undermine its
  health benefits

• It is only beneficial if consumed with
  saturated fats

Excessive intake could undermine its
health benefits

What type of lipoproteins are primarily responsible for transporting lipids from the digestive tract
to the bloodstream?

• VLDL

• Chylomicrons

• IDL

• LDL

Chylomicrons

How long is the half-life of VLDL in the bloodstream?

• 30 minutes

• 6 hours

• 12-24 hours

• ~1 hour

30 minutes

Which type of fatty acid is most notably associated with health benefits and includes oleic acid?

• Saturated Fatty Acids

• Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

• Polysaturated Fatty Acids

• Trans Fatty Acids

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

What physiological process do LDL particles promote that can lead to cardiovascular disease?

• Increased HDL production

• Enhanced lipid metabolism

• Decreased blood pressure

• Foam cell formation
  

Foam cell formation

What is the ideal target level for LDL cholesterol according to treatment recommendations?

• LDL < 120

• LDL < 140

• LDL < 160

• LDL < 100
  

LDL < 120

Which of the following treatments is known to inhibit HMG CoA reductase?

• Niacin

• Ezetimibe

• Statins

• Fibrates

Statins

Why should statins not be combined with certain medications like fibrates?

• They increase the risk of adverse

  effects

• They do not interact with other
  medications

• They are ineffective together

• They provide no additional benefit

They increase the risk of adverse
effects

What is a critical LDL/HDL ratio for women that indicates cardiovascular risk?

• > 5

• > 3

• > 4.4

• > 2.5

> 4.4

Which fatty acids are considered essential and can form longer chains like DHA?

• Polyunsaturated fatty acids

• Saturated fatty acids

• Monounsaturated fatty acids

• Trans fatty acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

What lifestyle change is suggested to improve HDL cholesterol levels?

• Engage in regular exercise

• Increase saturated fat intake

• Reduce fiber intake

• Avoid tobacco in moderation

Engage in regular exercise

What condition can excessive long-chain saturated fatty acids lead to?

• Potential health risks

• Increased HDL levels

• Cardiovascular benefits

• Improved metabolic rate

Potential health risks

Which treatment is primarily effective at lowering triglycerides?

• Niacin

• Fibrates

• Ezetimibe

• Statins

Fibrates

Which of the following best describes the role of bile acid sequestrants?

• Increase bile acid recirculation

• Lower plasma LDL levels

• Reduce cholesterol synthesis

• Enhance HDL production

Lower plasma LDL levels

How does excessive oxidized LDL impact cardiovascular health?

• It has no significant effect

• It enhances arterial compliance

• It promotes foam cell formation and plaque buildup

• It lowers blood pressure

It promotes foam cell formation and plaque buildup

Which fatty acid is derived from fish oil and offers cardiovascular benefits?

• Linoleic acid

• DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid)

• Alpha-linolenic acid

• O acid
  

DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid)

What effect does niacin have when taken at high doses?

• Decreases TAG and increases

• HDL Increases total cholesterol

• Promotes LDL oxidation

• Has no impact on lipid levels

Decreases TAG and increases

Which of the following lipoproteins has the longest half-life in plasma?

• Chylomicrons

• IDL

• VLDL

• LDL
  

LDL