AP United States History Chapter 22

Adkins v. Children's Hospital (p. 707)

The 1923 Supreme Court case that voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia, reversing many of the gains that had been achieved through the groundbreaking decision in Muller v. Oregon.

Welfare capitalism (p. 708)

A system of labor relations that stressed management's responsibility for employees' well-being.

Red Scare (p. 708)

A term for anticommunist hysteria that swept the United States, first after World War I, and led to a series of government raids on alleged subversives and a suppression of civil liberties.

Palmer raids (p. 709)

A series of raids led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on radical organizations that peaked in January 1920, when federal agents arrested six thousand citizens and aliens and denied them access to legal counsel.

Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act (p. 709)

The first federally funded health-care legislation that provided federal funds for medical clinics, prenatal education programs, and visiting nurses.

Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (p. 710)

An organization founded by women activists in 1919; its members denounced imperialism, stressed the human suffering caused by militarism, and proposed social justice measures.

Associated state (p. 710)

A system of voluntary business cooperation with government. The Commerce Department helped create two thousand trade associations representing companies in almost every major industry.

Teapot Dome (p. 710)

Nickname for scandal in which Interior Secretary Albert Fall accepted $300,000 in bribes for leasing oil reserves on public land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming. It was part of a larger pattern or corruption that marred Warren G. Harding's presidency.

Dollar diplomacy (p. 711)

Policy emphasizing the connection between America's economic and political interests overseas. Business would gain from diplomatic efforts in its behalf, while the strengthened American economic presence overseas would give added leverage to American diplomacy.

Prohibition (p. 712)

The ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol that went into effect in January 1920 with the Eighteenth Amendment. Prohibition was repealed in 1933.

American Civil Liberties Union (p. 713)

An organization formed during the Red Scare to protect free speech rights.

Scopes trial (p. 713)

The 1925 trial of John Scopes, a biology teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, for violating his state's ban on teaching evolution. The trial created a nationwide media frenzy and came to be seen as a showdown between urban and rural values.

National Origins Act (p. 713)

A 1924 law limiting annual immigration from each country to no more than 2 percent of that nationality's percentage of the U.S. population as it had stood in 1890. The law severely limited immigration, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Ku Klux Klan

Secret society that first undertook violence against African Americans in the South after the Civil War but was reborn in 1915 to fight perceived threats posed by African Americans, immigrants, radicals, feminists, Catholics, and Jews.

Harlem Renaissance (p. 718)

A flourishing of African American artists, writers, intellectuals, and social leaders in the 1920s, centered in the neighborhoods of Harlem, New York City.

Jazz (p. 718)

Unique American musical form, developed in New Orleans and other parts of the South before World War I. Jazz musicians developed an ensemble improvisational style.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (p. 719)

A Harlem-based group, led by charismatic, Jamacian-born Marcus Garvey, that arose in the 1920s to mobilize African American workers and champion black separatism.

Pan-Africanism (p. 720)

The idea that people of African descent, in all parts of the world, have a common heritage and destiny and should cooperate in political action.

Lost Generation (p. 720)

The phrase coined by writer Gertrude Stein to refer to young artists and writers who had suffered through World War I and felt alienated from America's mass-culture society in the 1920s.

Consumer credit (p. 725)

New forms of borrowing, such as auto loans and installment plans, that flourished in the 1920s but helped trigger the Great Depression.

Hollywood (p. 726)

City in the Los Angeles area of California where, by the 1920s, nearly 90 percent of all films in the world were produced.

Flapper (p. 726)

A young woman of the 1920s who defied conventional standards of conduct by wearing short skirts and makeup, freely spending the money she earned on the latest fashions, dancing to jazz, and flaunting her liberated lifestyle.

Soft power (p. 726)

The exercise of popular cultural influence abroad, as American radio and movies became popular around the world in the 1920s, transmitting American cultural ideals overseas.

A. Mitchell Palmer (p. 708)

Attorney General in 1920s; earned the title of the "fighting Quaker" by his excess of zeal in rounding up suspects of Red Scare; ultimately totaled about six thousand; This drive to root out radicals was redoubled in June 1919, when a bomb shattered his home

Sacco and Vanzetti

A vocal minority who protested against racist and nativist prejudices rallied to the support of two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who in 1921 had been convicted in a Massachusetts court of committing robbery and murder. Liberals protested that the two men were innocent, and that they had been accused, convicted, and sentenced to die simply because they were poor Italians and anarchists. After six years of appeals and national and international debates over the fairness of their trial, Sacco and Vanzetti were executed in 1927.

Henry Ford (p. 714)

In 1914, Henry Ford had perfected a system for manufacturing automobiles by means of an assembly line. Instead of losing time moving around a factory as in the past,

Ford's workers remained at one place all day and performed the same simple operation over and over again at rapid speed.

Leo Frank (p. 714)

He was a Jewish superintendent of a company that was charged with the murder of Mary Phagan, a 14 year old girl. He was at first sentenced to be hanged, but the sentence was changed to life in prison. Soon, armed men broke into the prison and lynched Leo near Mary Phagan's home.

Zora Neale Hurston (p. 718)

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance

Louis Armstrong (p. 719)

..., Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Marcus Garvey (p. 719)

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Adolph Zukor (p. 726)

founder of Paramount Pictures; brought movie industry to Los Angeles