ATI SCIENCE/MATH REVIEW PT.1

monday ambience

dermal papillae

regulate hair growth. they are protrusions of dermal connective tissue that go into the epidermal layer

stratum corneum

outermost layer of epidermis and first line of defense against the environment. has keratinized cells.

stratum lucidum

thin, somewhat translucent layer of cells lying superficial to the stratum granulosum and under the stratum corneum. only found in thick skin

stratum granulosum

accumulate dense basophilic granules that contain lipids helping to form a water proof barrier which helps prevent fluid loss from the body.

stratum spinosum

mostly consists of keratinocytes held together by sticky proteins called desmosomes, helping make your skin flexible and strong. keratin is synthesized in this layer

stratum basale

deepest of five layers of the epidermis, the only layer where proliferation of skin cells can occur. attaches the epidermis to the dermis. nourished by the blood vessels in the dermis, as epidermis does not contain any blood vessels

melanocyte

located in the deepest portion of the epidermis and superficial dermis, this cell produces the pigment melanin that gives skin its color

langerhans cells

immune cells found in the epidermis that play a role in detecting and fighting pathogens

messier corpuscles

tactile receptors that sense light touch and can sense some vibration.

pacinian corpuscles

lamellated receptors that sense vibration.

merkel cells

tactile receptors that sense light touch.

law of segregation

pairs of alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation, so that each sperm or egg only receives one allele, ensuring offspring get one allele from each parent. the allele expressed depends on dominance. (EX:Tt for being tall, with one allele being inherited from mom’s egg, and the other from dad’s sperm. allele pairs for mom and dad could have been TT and Tt, but the gametes only have one allele)

law of independent assortment

the inheritance of one gene does not influence the inheritance of another gene (EX:inheriting the tall gene does not mean you will inherit a gene for brown eyes)

which of these is seen in the human blood group system ?

multiple allelism

when the phenotype of two alleles is expressed partially, its called

incomplete dominance (pink flowers)

which of the following best describes the law of independent assortment ?

it states that the different traits or pairs of traits segregate independently of another pair during gametogenesis.

surface area of cylinder

2𝜋𝑟²+2𝜋rh

surface area of rectangular prism

2(𝑙𝑤+𝑙ℎ+𝑤ℎ)

surface area of cube

6s²

mi to ft

1=5280

yards to ft

1=3

ectoderm

outermost layer of embryo. forms skin cells, brain and spinal cord cells (neurons), and melanocytes

mesoderm

middle layer of embryo. forms cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, and smooth muscle cells. also forms RBC and kidney cells.

endoderm

inner layer of embryo. forms lung cells, thyroid cells, and digestive system cells.

heterotrophic organisms

organisms that cannot make their own food (within their own body) (EX:humans)

isotopes

versions of one element with a different number of neutrons

actin

thin filament

myosin

thick filament

unique properties of water

-highest surface tension of all liquids

-can form hydrogen bonds more easily when freezing

-volume increasing while freezing

-high heat of vaporization

analytical balances

he most common way to measure the mass of substances in a chemical laboratory. They are useful for measuring sub-milligram (0.001 g) masses