Science

opposite

Motion is the result of \_______ forces.

position

An object is in motion if it's \______ changes.

direction

Speed and velocity are a measure of how fast an object moves; however, velocity includes a \_______.

gravity

An object is in free fall if \______ is the only force acting on the object.

9.8

Acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2 (10 m/s2).

rate

Assuming gravity is the only force acting on an object, ALL OBJECTS FALL AT THE SAME \____

Isaac Newton

\_______ was the first to study gravity and its effects.

Static Friction

two objects touch, one or neither does not move

sliding friction

two objects touch and one slides past another

Rolling Friction

two objects touch and one rolls past another

weight

Mass does not change from location to location; however, \_____ does (because of gravity).

gravitational pull

Objects fall to Earth's surface because of Earth's large \_____ (it's really big!)

Distance and Mass

Gravitational pull depends on \______

Equal

\______ forces do not CHANGE motion. (net force is 0 N)

constant

Gravity is a \______. Every object exerts a gravitational force on every other object.

Push or Pull

A force is a \_______ and these forces cause motion!

Net

\_______ force is the combination of all of the acting on an object. Know how to determine net force!

air resistance

\______ is a force that slows motion.

speed or direction

Acceleration is a change in velocity's rate. Acceleration is a change in \______(or both).

Velocity

Deceleration is a decrease in \____ (Know what this looks like on a velocity/time graph)

What does Newton's first law state?

Something in motion or rest stays in that state, until it is acted on.

What does Newton's second law state?

Force equals mass times acceleration.

What does Newton's third law state?

Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Inertia

\______ is the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion. This explains why seatbelts are in cars.)

Force

Objects move in the direction of the greatest \_____.

What is matter?

Matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.

What is a compound?

A thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture.

How is a heterogeneous mixture different from a homogeneous mixture?

Homogeneous mixtures look the same and heterogeneous look different.

What are the different phases of matter?

Liquid, solid, and gas.

How do the particles of a solid, liquid, and gas behave?

Solids don't move, liquids move past each other n vibrate., and gasses move freely.

What happens to the particles of matter if heat is added? What theory explains this phenomenon?

Particles gain speed and vibrate faster.

What is the difference between a chemical property and a physical property?

A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Color is an example of physical property. A chemical property describes the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change.

What is the difference between a chemical change and a physical change?

In a physical change the appearance or form of the matter changes but the kind of matter in the substance does not. However in a chemical change, the kind of matter changes and at least one new substance with new properties is formed.

What property is Solubility?

Physical

What property is Density?

Physical

What property is Flammability?

Chemical

What property is pH?

Chemical

What property is Ability to change phase?

Physical

Solid 🡪 liquid

Melting

Liquid 🡪 solid

Freezing

Solid 🡪gas

Sublimation

Gas 🡪 solid

Deposition

Liquid 🡪 gas

Evaporation

Gas 🡪 liquid

condensation

How does temperature change as a liquid becomes a gas?

Temperature lowers or drops.

How does temperature change during the melting phase?

Temperature rises.

How does heat energy change during the melting phase?

Heat energy becomes potential energy.

What 2 pieces of information do you need to find the density of an object?

Mass and volume.

What do objects with less density do?

float

What do objects with more density do?

sink

If the mass of a cube is 20 g and its volume is 2 cm3, what is the density of the cube?

10

What does Boyle's Law say about the relationship between pressure and volume?

It is an inverse relationship.

What does Charles' law say about the relationship between temperature and volume?

It is a direct relationship.

What does Gay Lussac's law say about the relationship between temperature and pressure?

It is a direct relationship.

What are the 2 parts of a solution? Can you pick out the two parts?

The two parts are the solute and the solvent. You can not pick out the two parts.

What can be done to increase the dissolving rate of a solute?

Stirring and Heating.

What typically happens to the solubility of a substance as temperature increases?

Solubility increases.

What are properties of acids?

Turns litmus paper red, H ions, conduct electricity, burn skin, and pH of 7.1-14.

What are some properties of bases?

Turns litmus paper blue, bitter, slippery, OH ions, and pH of 1-6.9.

What are some common household products that are acids?

Lemons, vinegar, aspirin, battery acid, and buttermilk.

What are some common household products that are bases?

Oven cleaner, ammonia, tums, and baking soda.

If a substance has a pH of 4, what does this mean?

Substance is a base.

What is the chemical reaction that takes place when an acid mixes with a base?

Neutralization

What is the product of neutralization? (hint: there are 3 products)

Gas, salt, and water.

Who is given credit for the creation of the periodic table?

Dmitri Mendeleev

What is a group/family?

Columns going down on the periodic table.

What do elements in the same group/family have in common?

Same number of valence electrons.

What is a period?

Rows on the periodic table.

What do elements in the same period have in common?

Same energy levels.

What does Periodic Law state?

Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical+physical properties.

How many valence electrons does calcium have?

2

How many energy levels does strontium have?

5

What is a metalloid?

Both metals and nonmetals.

What does average atomic mass tell us about an element?

Number of atoms.

What does atomic number tell us about an element?

number of protons

Where are metals located on the periodic table?

left side

What are some characteristics of metals?

Good conductors, solid, reactive.

Where are non-metals located on the periodic table?

Right side.

What are some characteristics of non-metals?

Less reactive, dull, bad conductors.

Describe the size of a proton, neutron, and electron.

Electrons are small.

Where are protons located?

Nucleus of atom.

What kind of charge do protons have?

Positive.

Where are neutrons located?

Nucleus of atom.

What charge do neutrons have?

Neutral.

Where are electrons located?

Outside of nucleus.

What charge do electrons have?

Negative.

What is a valence electron?

Electrons in outermost energy level.

What overall charge does an unreacted atom have? Why?

No charge.

Who was the first person to say that the atom was the smallest indivisible unit of matter and was like a small, dense ball?

Dalton

What famous experiment did Rutherford use to discover the nucleus of the atom?

Gold Foil

What did JJ Thompson relate his model of the atom to?

Plum Pudding

Who created the modern day, 2-D view of the atom that we still use today?

Bohr

What is an isotope?

Each of two or more forms nuclei of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons, but different number of neutrons, have mass difference, radioactive form of element.

Where is the majority of the atom's mass?

Nucleus

Do electrons contribute to the atomic mass of an atom?

No

What is the maximum number of electrons that the 1st energy level can hold?

2

What is the maximum number of electrons that the 2nd energy level can hold?

8

What is the maximum number of electrons that the 3rd energy level can hold?

18

What is the average atomic mass for all of the isotopes of neon?

20.18

What is a chemical bond?

Bonds between atoms to form full outer shell arrangements.