Studied by 28 people
intro, road rage, charts, Freud, Marx, Maslow, Erikson, street gangs, research methods
Focus of psychologists
the individual
psychoanalysis
unconscious vs conscious mind - unconscious has more control over our personality and behavior
id
superego
ego
frustration causes neurosis
unlock memories from unconscious mind using hypnosis or free association
ID
pleasure seeker
encourages us to seek physical satisfaction
(sex, food, etc)
instinctual pleasure drives which require satisfaction
Superego
prompts us to do the moral thing , not the thing that feels best
(higher self)
the conscious (socially acquired control mechanisms)
ego
referees between the two and deals with reality
latin for “self”
must reconcile id and superego’s conflicting demands with the requirements of external reality
criticism of psyhcoanalysis
too focused on sex drive, not scientific enough
what did Freud believe drove everything?
sex
bheaviourism
psychology should only study what can be observed
the mind cannot be observed but behavior can
Study how people react to their environments
Behaviorists believe psychologists can predict and control or modify human behavior by identifying the factors that motivate it
focus on behavior modification
anger management
criticism of behaviorism
ignores root childhood causes and only focuses on specific behavior (symptom of the cause)
key people of behaviorism
BF Skinner
Benjamin Spock
learning theory
learning can alter the way an individual interprets the world around them and can lead to behavioral changes
Important to understand childhood as this is the time when most behavior is learned
Bandura’s bobo doll experiment
Shows that ppl not only learn by being rewarded or punished itself (behaviorism)
They can learn from watching somebody being rewarded or punished too
(observational learning - also called Modeling Theory)
criticism of learning theory
experiments like the Bobo Doll study are “artificial” (kids may be “play fighting” and not truly aggressive, they might do this to a doll but not a person) and ignores any biological or especially environmental basis for aggression
key people of learning theory
Albert Bandura (bobo doll experiment)
Anthropology
the broad study of humankind around the world and throughout time
concerned with both the biological and cultural aspects of humans
physical anthropology
Mechanisms of biological evolution
genetic inheritance,
human adaptability and variation,
primatology, and
the fossil record of human evolution
cultural anthropology
Culture,
ethnocentrism,
cultural aspects of language and communication,
economic patterns,
sex and marriage,
socialization,
social control,
political organization,
class,
ethnicity,
gender,
religion, and
cultural change
archaeology
Prehistory and early history of cultures around the world
Major trends in cultural evolution
Techniques for finding, excavating, dating, and analyzing material remains of past societies
(synonymous with physical anthropology)
linguistic anthropology
The human communication process that emphasizes the importance of socio-cultural influences
Nonverbal communication
The structure, function, and history of languages, dialects, pidgins, and creoles
*is what caught the unabomber
functionalsim
specific cultural institutions (family, education, law, religion, etc) function to support the structure of society and serve the needs of individuals in society for the common good
If there is a problem with one institution, it could lead to problems in others and society could become unstable
The institutions work similar to organs in a human body
If an institution is not meeting its intended purpose we call it dysfunctional
Society must have a shared set of values in order to function well
criticism of functionalism
Too hypothetical,
not applicable to real world,
assumes institutions exist for the benefit of all people equally,
assumes all in society share the same basic values
key people of functionalism
auguste comte (founder)
Emile Durkheim
Neo-Marxism (conflict theory)
economic power and the struggle for control of resources is the key to understanding societies
Institutions were created and are manipulated by those who control the “means of production” while others must sell their labor (and be exploited) to survive
Money
The powerless will feel alienated from society, the powerful will run it
criticism of neo-marxism
too much focus on money and class
key people of neo-marxism
karl marx
symbolic interactionism
how we as individuals process and interpret what we observe in society that form the core of our value system
How we interact and interpret this interaction is much more significant to human behavior than institutions or economics
criticism of symbolic interactionism
ignores the influence of institutions and economics on human behavior
key people of symbolic interactionism
max weber
feminism
the interests of men in all societies have been favored to the disadvantage of women (patriarchal, patrilineal)
Influenced strongly by Marxism
Liberal” Feminism: basic social institutions need to be made more welcoming and inclusive to women
E.g. better maternity leave, more affordable childcare centers, diminish wage gap
More “Revolutionary” forms of Feminism
Men have exploited women throughout history so therefore much more radical measures must be taken to “destroy the patriarchy that is everywhere in today’s society”
E.g. language - “womyn”, “diminish” capitalism, views on sex work and erotica/pornography
criticism of feminism
too much emphasis on gender
key people of feminism
rosemarie tong
why is road rage becoming a bigger problem?
feel anonymous + shielded, protected bc of vehicle (tinted windows makes it worse)
car more dangerous than a gun
only crime split evenly between men and women
fast paced music
driving while upset influences behavior
in this society, it’s punishable to be late - stuck in traffic is no longer an excuse
nothing to lose → recklessness, looking for a fight
sigmund freud (psychologist)
physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist
Focus
how unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges influence human behavior
psychosexual development
contribution
development of the theory and practice of psychoanalysis
idea of the unconscious
id, ego, superego
dream interpretation
carl jung (psychologist)
focus
psychodynamic psychology
the psyche (soul)
the collective unconscious, the personal unconscious, and the ego
contribution
developed the concepts of the extraverted and the introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious
mbti 16 personalities
alfred adler (psychologist)
focus
Holism (a whole is greater than the sum of its parts)
how each person moves through life (by analyzing them as a whole)
personality formation
contribution
birth order theory
formed the school of thought known as individual psychology
concept of the inferiority feeling and inferiority complex
first community psychologist (work pioneered attention to community life, prevention, and population health)
B F Skinner (psychologist)
focus
behaviorism
contribution
reinforcement theory: process of shaping behavior by controlling the consequences of the behavior
Learning is a process of 'conditioning' in an environment of stimulus, reward and punishment.
operant conditioning
rat in the box experiment to show positive reinforcement
abraham maslow (psychologist)
focus
human motivation
humanistic psychology
contirbution
hierarchy of needs
Jean piaget (psychologist)
focus
child development
genetic epistemology
cognitive development
importance of education of children
stages of developing intelligence
assimilation and accommodation
contribution
theory of cognitive development
harry harlow (psychologist)
focus
maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys
importance of caregiving and companionship to social and cognitive development
contirbution
baby monkeys will choose hugs over food :))))))
contact comfort
warmth and love, not just nourishment
carol gilligan (psychologist)
focus
ethical community and ethical relationships
moral development of girls and women
sex differences in moral reasoning
feminist theory
contribution
women prioritize ethics of care, men prioritize ethics of justice
women are different, not inferior
Ruth benedict (anthropologist)
focus
culture and personality
contribution
cultural relativism
culture is “personality writ large”
each culture has its own moral imperatives that can be understood only if one studies that culture as a whole
franz boas (anthropologist)
focus
physical anthropology
natural sciences, geography
contribution
theory of cultural relativism
father of modern/American anthropology
Claude levi-strauss (anthropologist)
focus
cultural anthropology
cultural systems
contirbution
developed school of thought called structuralism
cultures viewed as systems, are analyzed in terms of the structural relations among their elements
a. r. radcliffe brown
focus
social anthro
social structure rather than biological needs
social systems
contribution
theory of functionalism
helped further develop the theory of structural functionalism
sherry ortner (anthropologist)
focus
cultural anthropology
resistance and transformation within a society
feminist anthropology
ethnography
contribution
advocate of practice theory:
explains society and culture as the result of structure and individual agency
feminist theory
margaret mead (anthropologist)
focus
the relationship between the individual and culture
transmission of culture to children
childhood, adolescence, gender
culture and personality studies
contirbution
applied theories and techniques from psychology to understanding culture
studied the nonliterate peoples of oceania
gathered info on people’s reactions to the atomic bomb
studies of south sea peoples - coming of age in samoa
mary leakey
focus
archaeology
paleoanthropology
contribution
discovered the skull of an early hominin (member of the human lineage) named Zinjanthropus (eastern man)
proconsul africanus skull (ancestor of apes and humans)
discovered a trail of 3.6 million year old hominid footprints in hardened volcanic ash
found stone tools and extinct vertebrates
leith mullings marable (anthropologist)
focus
structures of inequality and resistance to them
feminist + critical race theory lens
intersectionality
contribution
wrote about traditional medicine and religion in postcolonial Ghana
women’s roles in Africa
developed concept of Sojourner Syndrome (describes behavioral coping strategies used by Black women to manage the psychosocial environmental stressors they encounter)
auguste comte (sociologist)
focus
how societies evolve and change
social dynamics
social statics
contirbution
positivism
knowledge should be obtained and interpreted using systematic, scientific and objective methods
father of sociology
applied scientific method to study of society
emile durkheim (sociologist)
focus
how traditional and modern societies evolved and function
the structure of society
comparative method
contribution
social facts
define and establish the field of sociology as an academic discipline
society exerted powerful force on individuals
functionalism
talcott parsons (sociology)
focus
how society achieves social stability
dynamic equilibrium
family and socialization
contribution
social action theory
structural functionalism
process of socialization
patricia hill collins (sociologist)
focus
race, class, gender
intersectionality
oppression
contribution
Black Feminist Thought
four domains of power
karl marx (sociologist)
focus
class conflict
capitalism
the ways in which economy and the workers within the economic system are connected
contribution
conflict theory (neo-marxism)
max weber (sociologist)
focus
studying social actions through interpretive meaning the actors (individual) attach to their own actions
history of Western societies
contribution
symbolic interactionism
social stratification
theory of bureaucracy
george mead and charles cooley (sociologists)
focus
social interaction
role-taking, social norms
contribution
the Self is determined by people's social interactions
looking-glass self
rosemarie tong (sociologist)
focus
ethical issues in long-term care, cognitive enhancement and genetics
contribution
Feminist theory
bioethics
concept of instincts
formulated idea that many neuroses (phobias, hysterical paralysis and pains, paranoia, etc.) originated in deeply traumatic experiences which had occurred in the past life of the patient but which were now forgotten, hidden form consciousness
sexuality (according to freud)
any form of pleasure which can be derived form the body
Therefore, the human being is energised or driven from birth by the desire to acquire and enhance bodily pleasure.
oral stage
age 0-1
mouth, tongue, lips
weaning off of breastfeeding or formula
adult fixation: smoking, overeating
anal stage
ages 1-3
focus on anus
toilet training
adult fixation: orderliness, messiness
phallic stage
ages 3-6
focus on genitals
resolving oedipus/electra complex
adult fixation: deviancy, sexual dusfunction
latency stage
ages 6-12
no libido focus
developing defence mechanisms
no adult fixation
genital stage
ages 12+
focus on genitals
reaching full sexual maturity
if all stages were successfully completed then the person should be sexually matured and mentally healthy
Freud’s solution to everything
psychoanalysis
the unconscious
thoughts occurring "below the surface" whose “logic" is different from the logic of conscious thought.
dreams provide the best access to unconscious and are best illustration of its operation
people often experience thoughts and feelings that are so painful that people cannot bear them - banished from consciousness to constitute the “unconscious”
neurosis
deep-seated frustration, anxiety, depression
results from when the external world cannot satisfy id’s pleasure drives or if the satisfaction of these drives would break the moral rules of the superego
inner conflict occurs - failure to resolve can lead to neurosis
defence mechanisms
mins’s attempt to prevent a conflict from becoming too acute
denial
person fends off awareness of unpleasant truth that is a threat to the ego (e.g. student receives bad grade, tells self that grades don’t matter)
reaction formation
person acts the opposite compared to what they want unconsciously
e.g. violence against’ another race bc members of the race are “inferior”, when unconsciously it is that very person who feels inferior
the aim of psychoanalysis therapy
to re-establish harmony between the id, ego, and superego by excavating and resolving unconscious repressed conflicts
patient talks freely without forethought, relaxes (analyst silent and out of sight), free association
forms of treatment: channeling of sexual energy into achievement, control of formerly repressed drives, release of energy
manifest/latent content
manifest: what dream appeared to be about
latent: real but unconscious, repressed desires or wishes
criticism of Freud’s ideas
claim that conscious thoughts and actions are driven by unconscious desires and fears should be rejected bc it implicitly challenges the possibility of making universal and objective claims about the world
invalidates Freudian theory as a means of interpreting and explaining human behavior
criticism of psychosexual development theory
over-emphasis on sexual drives to explain behavior (are infants really sexual beings?)
not universal nor necessary for the development of a healthy adult
social and environmental sources also influence development
Freud believed women = mutilated male who must learn to accept their deformity (lack of penis_ and submit to child-bearing
penis envy to describe women who had ambition
Freud wrote penis when it should’ve been about power
theores not real science - can never be properly verified bc no type of behavior could ever falsify them (deny = respressing it)
proletariat
working class
bourgeoisie
the rich
what did Marx say about society?
whoever controls the means of production (land, factories, money - anything that generates wealth) control society (government, law, schools, entertainment
the streets will run red with blood
from each according to his ability: to each according to his needs
fifth tier of maslow’s hierarchy
bottom tier
physiological / survival needs
air, water, food, sleep = whatever we need to survive)
fourth tier of Maslow’s hierachy
safety needs
living in a safe area, medical insurance, job security, financial reserves
third tier of maslow’s hierarchy
love, affection, and belongingness needs
friendship, belonging to a group, giving and receiving love
second tier of maslow’s hierarchy
esteem needs
once a person feels a sense of belonging, the need to feel important arises
self respect, achievement, attention, recognition, reputation
first tier of maslow’s hierarchy
top of the pyramid
self actualization
reaching full potential
truth, justice, wisdom, meaning
psychosocial stages of personality development
erik erikson
8 stages over lifespan
addresses bio, social, situational, personal influences
crisis: must adaptively or maladaptively cope with task in each developmental stage
respond adaptively: acquire strengths needed for next developmental stage
respond maladaptively: less likely to be able to adapt to later problems
basic strengths: motivating characteristics and beliefs that derive from successful resolution of crisis in each stage
stage 1 (EE)
Basic trust vs mistrust
birth to age 1
dependent on others
trust: if caregiver meets physical and psychological needs
mistrust: needs not met
Basic strength: hope
belief our desires will be satisfied
feeling of confidence
stage 2 (EE)
autonomy vs shame and doubt
ages 1-3
child exercise some degree of choice
develops feelings of self-doubt + shame if independence is thwarted
basic strength: will
determination to exercise freedom of choice in face of society’s demands
stage 3 (EE)
initiative vs guilt
ages 3-5
desire to take initiative in activities
feelings of guilt if parents punish child for initiative or failures
basic strength: purpose
courage to envision and pursue goals
stage 4 (EE)
industriousness vs inferiority
ages 6-11
develops cognitive abilities to enable in task completion
feelings of inferiority and inadequacy or unrealistic expectations if parents/teachers don’t support child’s efforts
basic strength: competence
exertion of skill and intelligence in pursuing and completing tasts
stages 1-4 are:
largely determined by parents, teachers, etc
stages 5-8:
individual has more control over environment
individual responsibility for crisis resolution in each stage
stage 5 (EE)
identity vs role confusion
ages 12-18
form ego identity - self image
strong sense of identity: face adulthood with certainty and confidence
identity crisis: confusion of ego identity
basic strength: fidelity
emerges from cohesive ego identity
sincerity, genuineness, sense of duty in relationships with others
stage 6 (EE)
intimacy vs isolation
ages 18-35 (approximately)
undertake productive work and establish intimate relationships
inability to establish intimacy leads to social isolation, bad relationships
basic strength: love
mutual devotion in a shared identity
fusing oneself with another person
stage 7 (EE)
generativity vs stagnation
ages 35-55 (approximately)
generativity: active involvement in teaching/guiding the next generation
stagnation = not seeking outlets for generativity, lack of concern for others
basic strength: care
broad concern for others
need to teach other
stage 8 (EE)
ego integrity vs despair
age 55+
evaluation of entire life
integrity: look back with satisfaction
despair: review with anger, frustration - midlife crisis
basic strength: wisdom
detached concern with the whole of life
research into trust
early strong bonds with mother later were more curious, sociable, and popular
research into identity
strong identity is associated with greater cognitive and emotional functioning in college students
crisis may begin later than age 12
continuing process over the lifespan
research into generativity
evokes need to feel closer to others
correlated with extraversion, openness to new experiences
likely to be involved in community, social relationships
contributions of erikson
personality develops throughout the lifespan
identity crisis in adolescence
impact of social, cultural, personal, and situational forces in forming personality
criticisms of erikson
ambiguous terms and concepts
lack of precision - some terms are not easily measured empirically
experiences in stage may only apply to males
identity crisis may only apply to those affluent enough to explore identities
when did street gangs first develop in America?
1826
why did some Irish immigrants turn to gangs?
no money, no skills, no education, no literacy
were getting discriminated, suffered from poverty bc of immigration
no irish or dogs allowed signs at restaurants
didn’t have any food
a lot of them were orphans
got money in any way they could
survival = meeting basic needs
the name of the first ever organized american street gang
the forty thieves
Note 
Flashcard (60)