BIO 106 - Quiz 1

fishes

what does dr keck study

speciation

when a group within a species separates form other members of its species and develops its own unique charactersitics

biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem; biotic and abiotic; understand interactions with the environment

biotic factors

living things within an ecosystem; plants, animals, and bacteria

abiotic factors

non-living components of an ecosystem; water, soil, atmosphere

built environment

buildings, roads, culverts, ponds in our ecosystems

organismal ecology

type of ecology migrating from place to place

population ecology

study of populations and how their numbers change over time

endangered species, invasive species, response time to changing environment

population ecology is important for …

population density

the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume at a given time

density dependent and independent factors

factors that affect population size

chronic wasting disease

example of managing for density dependent factors

r-selected species

small body size, early maturity, short life span, large broods, little or no paternal care, probability of long term survival is low

k-selected species

small broods, long life span, slow development, large body size, late reproduction, low reproductive rate, probability of long term survival is relatively high

community ecology

the study of the organization and functioning of communities which are interacting populations of species living within a certain ecosystem

competition

occurs when there is a limiting resource; infraspecific and interspecific competition; the competitive exclusion principle; resource partitioning; character displacement

competitive exclusion principle

two species with similar needs for same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same niche

resource partitioning

the differentiation of niches that enables two similar species to coexist in a community

character displacement

morphological differences in sympatric vs. allopatric populations

sympatric population

conspecific populations that coexist spatially

allopatric population

a species population becomes separated by a geographic barrier

predation

the preying of one animal on others; eats prey; coevolution; mimicry

parasitism

predators live on/in a host and depend on the host for nutrition

coevolution

reciprocal evolutionary adaptions of two interacting species; when one species evolves, it exerts selective pressure on the other to evolve to continue the interaction

predator-prey relationships

cryptic pigmentation and aposematic pigmentation

cryptic pigmentation

a defense or tactic that organisms use to disguise their appearance, usually to blend in with their surroundings

aposematic pigmentation

the advertising by an animal to potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating; scaring predators as defense using their color or appearance

mimicry

organisms mimic other species

batesian mimicry

when a species mimics the warning signals of another species without having the characteristics that make it undesirable to their shared predator; harmless mimic of harmful

mullerian mimicry

two or more animals develop similar appearance as a shared protective device; if a predator learns to avoid one species, it will avoid the species that mimics them; several harmful look similar

mutualism

both species benefit from an interaction

commensalism

one species benefits from an interaction, but no cost to the other

trophic structure

the partitioning of biomass between trophic levels; determined by the feeding relationships

keystone species

a species that has a much greater impact on the surrounding species than its abundance would suggest

ecosystem

consists of all the organisms living in a community and the abiotic components

the law of physics and chemistry

the dynamics of an ecosystem involve two processes

biomass

the total quantity or weight of organisms in a given area or volume; primary production can be expressed in terms of energy per unit area per unit time

chemical flow

a general model of chemical cycling that are made up of four main reservoirs of elements: geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere

water cycle

a biogeochemical cycle that describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the earth

carbon cycle

nature’s way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from the atmosphere into organisms in the earth and then back into the atmosphere over and over again

phosphorus cycle

the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformation and translocation of phosphorus in soil, water, and living and dead organic material

nitrogen cycle

the biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere

climate change

long term shirts in temperatures and weather patterns

variables and correlations of climate change

co2, greenhouse gasses, carbon footprint, disturbance and normality, reversing or mitigating effects, plan for change

classification

how we sort the world around us; species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom

species

the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring

time to speciation

dependent on population size; selection is strong, consistent

prezygotic

before the gametes fertilize to create a zygote; isolation resulting from behavior, ecology, timing

postzygotic

a change in an organisms genome that is acquired during its lifespan; through fusion of two haploid gametes

allopatric speciation

when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another; same place

sympatric speciation

involves the splitting of an ancestral species into two or more reproductively isolated groups without geographical isolation of those groups: different place

descent and modification

traits being passed from parents to offspring

darwins observations

excess production; standing variation; the principle of variation, heredity, and survival

principle of variation

individuals in a population vary in traits

principle of heredity

offspring look like their parents

principle of survival

variable reproductive success = random

artificial selection

an evolutionary process in which humans consciously select for or against features in organisms

natural selection

a mechanism of evolution; organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on genes that aided their success

disruptive selection

describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values

stabilizing selection

a type of natural selection in which the population mean stabilizes on a particular non-extreme trait value

biogeography

the study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life

97%

what percent is all water on earth salt water

3%

percentage of freshwater

dispersal

extension of geographic range

equilibrium theory of island biogeography

the lower number of species on islands was not the result of insufficient time, but rather the result of an equilibrium process peculiar to all islands

succession ecology

community changes through time

morphology

the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts

axes of diversification

sexual selection, trophic morphology, vicariance

sexual selection

theory in postulating that the evolution of certain conspicuous physical traits, such as pronounced coloration, increased size, or striking adornments, in animals may grant the possessors of these traits greater success in obtaining mates

vicariance

the geographical separation of a population, typically by a physical barrier such as a mountain range or river, resulting in a pair of closely related species