Therefore, %%subjectivity becomes the key to understanding and transforming external data into representations%%.
Representation is rational, but the will is not. The latter is a cause in itself; it is a pure desire for satisfaction. In animals, the craving represents instinct.
But in humans, it's what governs the desire to live, possess, and dominate.
%%Man thus lives the paradox of rationally understanding the world%%. But not being able to use this same reason when what is at stake are his desires.
Schopenhauer saw advantages and disadvantages in this paradox: On the other hand, reason makes language possible. And with its communication, science, and poetry. On the other hand, motivation leads to suffering. Because it makes man aware of his finitude, propagating dogmas and superstitions.
%%The desire remains foreign to the domain of reason.%% It is, therefore, absolutely groundless.
In The World as Will and Representation, Schopenhauer used elements present in Taoism and Buddhism. One of them is the notion of karma, seen in Buddhism, defining life as a journey of pain through the renunciation of incessant desires, like the notion of nirvana, which corresponds to the supreme state of rest achieved by the detachment of living.
%%Schopenhauer, however, believed that suffering could be overcome through art.%% Through the aesthetic experience, man could annul himself as will, forgetting himself and his suffering.
On the other hand, Schopenhauer affirmed that love was the goal of life as the authentic source of human goodness.
To talk about love represented a possibility to fill a gap that had been left by philosophy.
He analyzed the passion that recurrently appears in the most varied works from what the feeling is based on: the sexual impulse, which would be the most vigorous impulse of human nature and is what makes people, both in literature and in real life, sacrifice their health, wealth, dignity, and happiness in the name of passion. For him, this suffering could only be a consequence of a cause: the will to reproduce.
%%In art, pleasure is the negation of desire, leading the individual to a kind of illusion.%%
If love is a strategy of the will to delude the individual, paradoxically, it is an illusion; because nothing is more authentic and concrete than it.
Schopenhauer highlights how the desire (being irrational) pushes us toward people with whom we sometimes feel opposed but irresistibly moved and attracted.
According to him, instinct is oriented toward what is best for the species, not the individual.
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