American Pageant Ch 15 Vocab

The Age of Reason

A book by Thomas Paine in which he critiqued organized religion.

Deism

relied on science rather than the bible, rejected the concept of original sin and denied Christ's divinity, still believed in a supreme being that created humans with a capacity for human behavior and universe

Unitarians

a religious group that emphasizes reason and faith in an individual; deny the idea of the Holy Trinity

Second Great Awakening

A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Peter Cartwright

best known of the Methodist traveling frontier preachers; ill-educated, strong servant of the Lord who spent 50 years traveling from Tennessee to Illinois while calling upon sinners to repent; converted thousands with his bellowing voice and flailing arms; physically knocked out those who tried to break up his meetings

Charles Grandison Finney

An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

Burned-Over District

western New York area flooded with religious fragmentations and known for sermons on "hellfire and damnation", along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; groups such as the Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents.

Mormons

church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah

Joseph Smith

religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)

Brigham Young

The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state.

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

Noah Webster

a Yale-educated Connecticut Yankee; the "Schoolmaster of the Republic" who designed "reading lessons" that educated millions of children and were partly designed to increase patriotism; spent 20 years creating a dictionary, which was published in 1828 and helped standardize English

William H. McGuffey

created the nations first and most widely used series of textbooks

Emma Willard

in 1821 founded Troy Female Seminary in New York which was a model for girls' schools everywhere

lyceum

a public hall for lectures and concerts

Dorothea Dix

dedicated to improving conditions for the mentally ill. led movement to build new mental hospitals and improve existing ones

American Temperance Society

organization formed at Boston in 1826; (about a thousand local similar groups sprang up within a few year); implored drinkers to sign the temperance pledge and organized children's clubs known as the "Cold Water Army"; made use of pictures, pamphlets, and lectures

Neal S. Dow

the mayor of Portland, Maine who, in 1851, sponsored a law that helped earn his nickname "Father of Prohibition."

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. Other states followed. By 1857, about a dozen passed similar laws.

Lucretia Mott

the sprightly Quaker leader of the women's rights movement whose ire had been aroused when she and her fellow female delegates to the London Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840 were not recognized.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A prominent advocate of women's rights, she organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott

Susan B. Anthony

a leader of woman suffrage movement, who helped to define the movement's goals and beliefs and to lead its actions

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

she was the first American woman to receive a medical degree from an American medical school; she and her colleagues formed an infirmary for women and children

Lucy Stone

A well-known member of the Anti-Slavery Society who took on the cause of women's rights. She was a gifted speaker.

Amelia Bloomer

revolted against the uncomfortable "street sweeping" attire of woman by creating and promoting semi-masculine, short skirts with Trousers, an attire known as "bloomers"

Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal".

Robert Owen

Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858)

New Harmony

This was a society that focused on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.

Brook Farm

Two hundred acre community in Massachusetts founded in 1841 by a group of twenty transcendentalists, who prospered until the community collapsed in debt after a large building went down in a fire.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

United States writer of novels and short stories mostly on moral themes (1804-1864), Wrote The Scarlet Letter; originally a transcendentalist but later became a leading anti-transcendentalist.

Oneida Community

Another radical communistic experiment founded in New York in 1848 that practiced free love ("complex marriage"), birth control and the eugenic selection of parents to produce a superior offspring. Lasted for almost 30 years.

Shakers

American religious sect devoted to the teachings of Ann Lee Stanley, prohibited marriage and sexual relationships

John J. Audubon

1785 to 1851; He was an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl. He had such works as Birds of America. Ironically, he shot a lot of birds for sport when he was young. The Audubon Society for the protection of birds was named after him. His depictions of western wildlife contributed to the western population movements.

Federal Style

Architectural style that borrowed from classical Greek and Roman examples which emphazied symmetry, balance, and restraint.

Greek Revival

1830-40s

style of architecture that used classical Greek architecture as a model

flourished in the America's because of the democratic ideal

buildings include columns and pediments

affected not only architecture but also city names, emblem, popular names, etc.

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River painted these romantic art

minstrel shows

white actors wearing black face mimicked and ridiculed African American culture, became increasingly popular.

Stephen C. Foster

the white Pennsylvanian of the mid-1800s whose songs captured the plaintive spirit of the slaves.

romanticism

a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

James Fenimore Cooper

one of the nation's first writers of importance; attained recognition in the 1820's; changed the mood of national literature, started textbooks in America being written by Americans, two pieces of his literature include THE SPY and THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS, American themes-example of the nationalism after the Revolution and War of 1812.

transcendentalism

A nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American philosopher and poet, best known for leading the Transcendentalist movement in the 19th century

The American Scholar

Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard that declared an America's intellectual independence from Europe.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Harvard professor of modern languages and popular mid-nineteenth century poet, who won broad acclaim in Europe for his poetry.

Louisa May Alcott

American writer and reformer best known for her largely autobiographical novel Little Women (1868).

Emily Dickinson

Gifted but isolated New England poet, the bulk of whose works were not published until after her death

Edgar Allen Poe

(1809-1849). Orphaned at young age. Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Failing at suicide, began drinking. Died in Baltimore shortly after being found drunk in a gutter.

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

Francis Parkman

historian with defective eyes that forced him to write in darkness with the aid of a guiding machine; chronicled the struggle between France and England in colonial times for mastery of North America