Applied Pathophysiology Exam 4

What are the 9 Risk Factors for Gallstones?

Female, Forty, Fair-Skinned, Fat (Overweight), Fertile (Increased Estrogen), Family History, Native American, Type II Diabetes Mellitus, and Pregnancy

What Does the Blood Work Look Like for Pancreatitis?

Increased Lipase, Amylase, White Blood Cells, and Blood Glucose

An Inflammation in the Entire Biliary Tree is Called…

Cholangitis

What is Charcot’s Triad?

Fever, Right Upper Quadrant Pain, and Jaundice

What is Reynold’s Pentad?

Fever, Right Upper Quadrant Pain, Jaundice, Altered Mental Status, and Hypotension

What is Murphey’s Sign?

A Sudden Gasp When the Examiner Presses on the Right Upper Quadrant of the Abdomen

What Does Murphey’s Sign Indicate?

Cholecystitis

What are 5 Other S/S of Cholecystitis?

Nausea and Vomiting, Fever, Right Upper Quadrant Pain, Leukocytosis, and Diaphoresis

What Does Test Results Look Like for Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis?

1<AST:ALT<2, Increased Bilirubin, Decreased Albumin, Increased PT and aPTT, and Increased Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (y-GT)

What Does Testing Reveal for Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis?

AST:ALT<1, Increased Bilirubin, Fatty Liver, Increased Cholesterol, and Increased Triglycerides

What is the Inheritance Pattern for Wilson’s Disease?

Autosomal Recessive

What Neuromuscular Abnormalities are Present in Wilson’s Disease?

Intention Tremors, Dysarthria, and Dystonia

What is the Most Apparent Symptom of Wilson’s Disease?

Kayser-Fleicher Rings in the Iris

What Would be the Liver Function Test Reveal in Wilson’s Disease?

1<AST:ALT<2, Increased Bilirubin, Increased Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, and Decreased Albumin

What is Revealed in the Histology of Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis/Alcoholic Hepatitis?

Steatosis, Ballooning Degeneration, and Mallory Bodies

In Kidney Failure, which 2 Hormones Decrease?

Erthropoetin and Calcitriol

What is the Most Common Type of Kidney Stone?

Calcium Oxalate

Which Type of Kidney is Associated with Infections by Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, or Proteus?

Struvite

Which Type of Kidney Stone is Associated with Gouty Arthritis, Alcoholism, and Gut Meat Consumption

Uric Acid

What is Azotemia?

High Blood Urea Nitrogen and High Creatinine (

What are the 3 Primary S/S of Post-Infectious Glomerulonephritis?

Fever, Periorbital Edema, and Back Pain

What is the BUN-Cr Ratio for Prerenal-Azotemia?

BUN:Cr>15:1

What is the BUN-Cr Ratio for Intrarenal-Azotemia?

BUN:Cr<15:1

What Deposits in the Kidneys in Berger’s Disease?

IgA Antibodies

What Would the Urinalysis for Interstitial Cystitis Look Like?

Hematuria and Anti-Proliferative Factor Present

What is the MCC of Overflow Incontinence?

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia or Prostate Cancer

What is the Difference between Adenomyosis and Endometriosis?

Adenomyosis Involves Endometrial Tissue in the Myometrium; Endometriosis Involves Endometrial Tissue in Other Organs

Which Type of Benign Breast Disease is Mostly Associated with an Increased Risk for Cancer?

Proliferative Benign Breast Disease

What is the Term for Long and/or Heavy Menstrual Periods?

Menorrhagia

What Can Menorrhagia Lead to?

Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

What 2 Complications Can Arise from Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?

Infertility and Ectopic Pregnancy

What Hormones are Abnormal in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?

Decreased FSH and Increased LH, Estrogen, and Testosterone

What are the Hormone Levels for FSH, LH, Estrogen, and Progesterone in Perimenopause?

Increased FSH and LH, Decreased Progesterone, and Variable Estrogen

A 16 year old Who Has Not Had a Menstrual Period is What Type of Amenorrhea?

Primary Amenorrhea

How Long Does Amenorrhea Go on for Before it is Considered Post-Menopause?

12 Months

What are the Hormone Levels for Post-Menopause?

High FSH and LH and Low Estrodiol and Progesterone

The Presence of Cysts in the Breast Tissue are Which Type of Benign Breast Disease?

Non-Proliferative Benign Breast Disease

What Does Dysmenorrhea Indicate?

Painful Menstrual Periods

What are the 6 S/S of Adenomyosis?

Dysmenorrhea, Menorrhagia, Pelvic Pain, Dyspareunia, Enlarged Uterus, and Tender Uterus

What are the 2 S/S of Primary Syphilis?

A Painless Chancre and Lymphadenopathy

What Arises in the Tertiary Stage of Syphilis?

Gummas, Posterior Column Dysfunction, Vision Problems, and Issues Walking

What are the 4 Risk Factors for Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stones?

Hypercalcemia, Hypercalciuria, Hyperoxaluria, and Alkaline Urine

Which Type of Azotemia is Found Post-Infectious Glomerulonephritis?

Intrarenal Azotemia

A AST:ALT>2 and Increased Bilirubin and y-GT Result Can Indicate…

Alcoholic Hepatitis

Abnormal Copper Metabolism and Deposition Leads to…

Wilson’s Disease

What Does the LFT for Viral Hepatitis Reveal?

AST:ALT<1 and Increased Bilirubin

Which Types of Viral Hepatitis Likely Came from Contaminated Food and/or Water?

Hepatitis A or E

Which Types of Viral Hepatitis Lead to Liver Cirrhosis and/or Liver Cancer?

Hepatitis B and C

Which Forms of Viral Hepatitis Have a Vaccine?

Hepatitis A and B

What are the 3 S/S that are Required to DX PCOS?

1. Oligomenorrhea/Amenorrhea

2. Hyperandrogenism

3. Cysts on the Ovaries

True or False: Endometrial Tissue Outside the Uterus Does Not Respond to Hormonal Changes?

False

Fibroids in the Uterine Wall Indicate…

Leiomyoma

What are the 8 S/S of Leiomyoma?

Dysmenorrhea, Menorrhagia, Metrorrhagia, Pelvic Pressure, Enlarged Uterus, Urinary Frequency, Dyspareunia, and Constipation

What is One Extra Sign of PCOS?

Insulin Resistance

What is the Long-Term Rx for GERD?

Proton-Pump Inhibitors

What are the 8 Causes of GERD?

Hiatal Hernia, Abnormal Esophageal Sphincter, Fatty and/or Acidic Foods, Stress, Pregnancy, Smoking, Alcohol, and Peptic Ulcers

Abdominal Pain 1-2 Hours After Eating Could Indicate…

Duodenal Peptic Ulcer

What are the 4 Complications of Peptic Ulcer Disease?

Perforation, Bleeding, Peritonitis, and Obstructive

What Complications Can Arise from the Flattening of the Intestinal Vili in Celiac Sprue?

Anemia, Osteoporosis, Joint Pain, Depression, Fatigue, Malnutrition, and Weight Loss

How Do Antibiotics Cause Increased Diarrhea?

They Disrupt the Normal Flora in the Large Intestine

Which Intestinal Pathology is Primarily Caused by a Low Fiber Diet, Advanced Age, NSAID Use, Smoking, and a Sedentary Lifestyle?

Diverticulitis

What 7 S/S are Consistent with Both Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease?

Diarrhea (w/ or w/o bleeding), Abdominal Pain, Abdominal Cramping, Abdominal Spasms, Tenesmus, Fever, and Weight Loss

How is the Blood Test Different for Crohn’s Disease Versus Ulcerative Colitis?

Crohn’s is pANCA Negative and ASCA Positive Whereas UC is pANCA Positive and ASCA Negative

What is Feces with Undigested Lipids in it?

Steatorrhea

Can Cholangitis Be Life Threatening?

Yes

Why are the Feces Clay-Colored in Both Choledocholithiasis and Cholangitis?

Because the Liver Cannot Deposit the Stercobilin into the Duodenum Via the Biliary Tree

What are the 3 Most Consistent S/S of Chlamydia?

Painful Urination, Abnormal Discharge, Pelvic Pain