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Griffith (1928)
isolated 2 strands of bacteria; performed trials on a rat and found the harmless rough bacteria turned into deadly smooth bacteria... this was the transforming factor which was a gene
Avery (1944)
Showed that DNA is made up of genes
Hershey and Chase (1952)
tested to prove that DNA, not protein is the genetic material
Franklin (1952)
studied x-ray pictures of DNA and its structure; took photo 51
Watson and Crick (1953)
produced the first model of DNA which showed it was a double helix
Chargaff
The individual responsible for discovering the base pairing rules for DNA.
When did the Human Genome Project begin and end?
1990-2003
What does DNA stand for and where is it found in the cell?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
In the nucleus
What are histones, nucleosomes, chromatin and chromosomes?
Histones- protein that DNA wraps around
Nucleosomes- groups of DNA around nucleosomes
Chromatin- uncoiled up DNA
Chromosomes- packed DNA
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
phosphate group, sugar, nitrogen base
What are the bases of DNA and how are they different?
Adenine- bigger; 2x ring; PURINE
Guanine- bigger; 2x ring; PURINE
Cytosine- smaller; 1x ring; PYRIMIDINE
Thymine- smaller; 1x ring; PYRIMIDINE
What types of bonds hold DNA bases together and how many between the base pairs?
Hydrogen bonds
2 bonds between A and T
3 bonds between G and C
What makes up the sides of DNA helix?
phosphate and deoxyribose(sugar)
What are the roles of DNA?
stores info, copies info, and gene expression
What are telomeres and what does telomerases do?
Telomeres- tips of chromosomes
Telomerase- adds extra sections of DNA to prevent tips from damage
How are RNA and DNA different?
RNA: leaves the nucleus, single strands, ribose, uracil
DNA: only in nucleus, double strands, deoxyribose, thymine
What enzymes are involved in DNA replication?
Helicase- unzips the helix
Ligase- joins the fragments together + seals it together
DNA Polymerase- helps attach and makes sure everything is in the right order
When does DNA need to replicate? Why does it need to?
During the S phase. It divides so that there is enough DNA for cell division for the new cells to have the right amount of DNA.
What is the difference between the leading and lagging strands of DNA?
Leading- nucleotides attach easily
Lagging- nucleotides are put together in fragments and then ligase puts the fragments together
What is the end result of DNA replication?
2 identical strands of DNA
What enzymes are involved in transcription?
RNA polymerase
What is the end result of transcription?
single strand of RNA
What is the function of mRNA? Where is it found in the cell?
carries the instructions from sections of DNA. Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
What is a codon?
group of 3 bases
What are the start and stop codons?
Start: AUG
Stop: UGA, UAG, UAA
What do you use to read the wheel?
mRNA
What is the function of tRNA? Where is it found?
In the cytoplasm.
It transfers the amino acids to the ribosome
What is an anticodon?
An anticodon is the three unpaired bases on a tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA.
What is the function of rRNA? Where is it found?
cytoplasm + nucleus
Provides binding site for mRNA and tRNA
What is the end result of translation?
protein
Where does replication, transcription, and translation occur?
Replication- nucleus
Transcription- Nucleus
Translation- cytoplasm
What type of bonds hold the amino acids together?
peptide bonds
Know the different types of mutations and what can do wrong.
Gene:
Substitution- one base is switched
Insertion- too many bases (order gets messed up)
Deletion- one base is deleted (order gets messed up)
Chromosomal:
Deletion- loss of part or all of a chromosome
Duplication- extra copy of all or part of a chromosome
Inversion- reverses directions of parts of the chromosome
Translocation- part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another
Point Mutation
1 nucleotide
Frameshift mutation
inserts and deletions; changes sequences and proteins.
