Studied by 13 people
list the six pillars of civilization
government, religion, writing, social hierarchy, culture, and arts
six pillars of civilization. government
a pillar of civilization. law makers, taxers, resources, protectors
six pillars of civilization: religion
a pillar of civilization. existential questions, cosmology, morals and ethics, symbology, and factual
religion: existential questions
questions and answers to how we are. how where when questions about the religion
religion: cosmology
why questions and answers like why are we here and what is my purpose
religion: morals and ethics
morals are what you should do and ethics are what you shall do
religion: symbology
transcends language. baptism, ramadan, crosses and Jesus fish are symbology examples
religion: factual
religion must be correct in peoples eyes
six pillars of civilization: writing
a pillar of civilization. pictures, alphabets and ideograms are writing. transcends time and space
six pillars of civilization: social hierarchy
a pillar of civilization. rich on top and poor on bottom. individual specialization
Great Leap Forward
standardization of tools. the use of tools to manipulate the environment
domestication of animals
10,000 BCE. taming and using animals for food, recourses, and clothing.
mesopotamia
an ancient piece of land between the tigris and Euphrates river.
theocracy
religious based government. government on religion
cuneiform
first language and writing system of mesopotamia and the epic of gilgamesh was written in this language
Sumer
Worlds first civilization ever. Located in Ur, Mesopotamia.
Sargon of Akkad
Conquered all of Mesopotamia with the Akkadian empire
ka
eternal life force. living after your body dies in Egypt. said that the pharaohs were eternal and help the current pharaohs
Memphis
capital of lower kingdom. mentuhotep moves Middle Kingdom capital here because this is where the old kingdom tombs are. the closer the Middle Kingdom Pharaohs are to the old kingdom, the better they look. he's peace and stability
Where are the pyramids located?
Memphis
Amenhoteop IV
amenhotep becomes obsessed with god of the sun disk Aten. so obsessed that he creates new capital called Akhentaten. changes religion to monotheism to believe in only Aten. bans temples not dedicated to sun god. he loses lots of land while pharaoh. when he dies his successor tries to erase all signs of him and changes everything he did
Indus Valley
contained the ganges river and harappan cities
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
harappan cities with a strong centralized government. used grid systems, levees and brick walls
harappa
might be the oldest city in the world
Ganges River
indo aryans settle on this river
Mohenjo-Daro
city of the dead
Mahabharata
an epic poem about how a king should rule
Sanskrit
language of the indo-aryans
Vedas
earliest texts of hinduism written in Sanskrit
brahman
main god of hinduism. is in literally everything. is everything
Vishnu
god that recreates
shiva
god that destroys
chandargupta Maurya
first emperor of India who united India
Shang dynasty
come to power because of the chariot (military technology). Chinese dynasty
oracle bones
used to tell kings the answers to their questions only writing we have from Shang dynasty
Zhou dynasty
immediately replaces Shang dynasty. took over because the Shang kings were immoral
rites of the Zhou (mandate of heaven)
said gods appoint kings. to lose the favor of the gods would mean you lose your kingdom. must act morally to keep kingdom and gods favor. used this as their why they were in power.
Where did the Minoans live?
Crete
Who conquered the Minoans?
Mycenaeans
what kind of people were the mycenaeans
warrior people
Knossos
most important city on crete. present for both minoans and mycenaeans
Pan-Hellenism
shared sense of Greekness
Hoplite
Greek soldier
Tyranny
rulers with no reason
name two greek tyrants
Peisistratus the first tyrant and hippias who was the last tyrant of athens
Lycurgus
wrote the very successful Spartan Constitution
Solon
created the athenian oligarchy and the athenian government
what starts the Persian wars
Persia conquers Ionia and sets tyrants up to run it. ionia is not a greek city, but the people believed they were greek. ionians ask Greece for help and only Athens helps. Athens and ionia overthrow the tyrants and Persia for now
Darius I
Persian emperor who says he will conquer ionia. he does and appoints himself as sole king of ionia. darius threatens Athens and at one point does attack Athens at marathon. dies in Persia after the battle of marathon
battle of marathon
battle between Athens and Persia. Athens are outnumbered nearly 3:1 but they still win in underdog fashion. Pheidippides runs 26.2 miles all the way back to Athens to tell the news of the victory.
Xerxes I
son of Darius I. says he will burn, enslave the men, kill the women and children of Athens. also says he will conquer all of Greece. Xerxes does burn Athens down, but loses the war, but doesn't care as he's satisfied with burning Athens down
battle of Thermopylae
battle between Xerxes and Persia vs Greece. the greek army is majorly decreased with just some athenians and 300-500 spartans. Persia has 200,000 troops. king Leonidas takes Greece into the battle and their goal is just to hold Persia off until the rest of the greek army gets there. king Leonidas gets the athenians out of the battle before him and remaining spartans die. Xerxes goes straight to Athens after this
battle of salamis and themistocles
naval battle between Persia and Themistocles. Themistocles evacuated the people of Athens to the island of salamis. he tricks Xerxes and splits Persia's navy into a strong side and weaker side. Themistocles attacks the weaker side and destroys half of Persias navy. this battle changes the whole tide of the war
Cleisthenes
a highly powerful and influential aristocrat who was never elected archon
Plato and Aristotle
athenian philosophers
Pericles
athenian leader who set up the athenian democracy. he overthrew the athenian oligarchy and gave power to the people
Peloponnesian war
war between Athens and Sparta. 431-404,
Battle of Mantinea
massive battle between Sparta and Athens. Athens gets smoked and after this Athens goes to Italy
great spartan betrayal
Persia decides to help sparta by giving them their navy, and this goes against pan hellenism and destroys everything all of Greece fought for in the Persian war
what sea does Rome expand around or on?
Mediterranean Sea
what region did the Etruscans in Italy live?
Etruria
what two rivers did the etruscans live in between
arno and tiber rivers
what was the most important city state of Etruria?
Veii because it was the richest city
who were the first people in Italy?
Etruscans
necropolis
city of the dead
why could etruria never expand
they were constantly fighting. fought internal and external powers
what region was Rome originally located in?
Latium
who lived in Latium
Latins
what were the latin rights?
if you spoke latin you were given a home. 2. latin people could marry anybody from another latin city. 3. latin people could move from latin city to latin city freely.
consuls
two leaders of Rome
tribunes
10 elected by you council of plebeians. their able to veto anything
senate
originally old men who are advisors to the consuls. later took the power to pass laws.
Oligarchy
patricians who would run for senate/consul positions. the oligarchs lead to conflict
plebeians
everyone else
patricians
the ruling class of Rome
triumph
military parade
sicily
caused the first punic war as cities in Sicily asked Carthage and Rome to help against the other cities in Sicily.
Corvus
attachments to Roman boats that allowed them to bring land battles to the sea. bridge with spike. reason why Rome won the first punic war
peace treaty, first one
unfair agreement between Carthage and Rome to end the first punic war. said that Carthage would leave Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. they would return roman prisoners for free while they must buy back prisoners for a high price.10 years Rome can't attack Syracuse and Carthage must pay taxes to Rome
Hannibal Barca
leader of Iberia and Carthaginian army. he was a war genius. hates Rome and in 218 BCE, Rome declares war on him. he smokes a lot roman army pack
Quintus Fabius Maximus
appointed dictator to counter Hannibal. gets the name "Delayer' for his war tactics. removed from dictator for being a coward, then later brought back to keep delaying Hannibal
Scipio Africanus
general who conquered Iberia and defeated Hannibal in Africa. given a triumph for his success and served in government after.
Battle of Zama
scipio defeats Hannibal in africa to end the 2nd Punic War. given a triumph and changed his name because of this
Carthago delenda est
Carthage must be destroyed (said by Cato the Elder)
which gracchi brother was more conservative
Tiberius Gracchus
which gracchi brother was more radical
Gaius Gracchus
Why was Tiberius Gracchus killed?
he ran for a 2nd year as a tribune
Why was Gaius Gracchus killed?
ran for a 3rd time as a tribune
triumvirate
agreement between three people
who was included in the first triumvirate
Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
who was known as the teenage butcher
Pompey
who put down Spartacus' rebellion
Pompey
what areas did Pompey conquer
modern day Syria and Jerusalem
what area did caesar conquer
Gaul
what day did caesar cross the rubicon and what was this event considered
January 10 49 BCE and treason against the roman republic
Who did Caesar have an affair with
Cleopatra
What day did Caesar die and how?
March 15, 44 BCE. He was backstabbed to death by senators 23 times.
who was apart of the second triumvirate
marc Antony, Octavian, and lepidus
who read caesars will
Marc Antony
what did caesar's will say and do
it gave money to all of the roman people and said that Octavian was Caesar's heir
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