World History Exam

list the six pillars of civilization

government, religion, writing, social hierarchy, culture, and arts

six pillars of civilization. government

a pillar of civilization. law makers, taxers, resources, protectors

six pillars of civilization: religion

a pillar of civilization. existential questions, cosmology, morals and ethics, symbology, and factual

religion: existential questions

questions and answers to how we are. how where when questions about the religion

religion: cosmology

why questions and answers like why are we here and what is my purpose

religion: morals and ethics

morals are what you should do and ethics are what you shall do

religion: symbology

transcends language. baptism, ramadan, crosses and Jesus fish are symbology examples

religion: factual

religion must be correct in peoples eyes

six pillars of civilization: writing

a pillar of civilization. pictures, alphabets and ideograms are writing. transcends time and space

six pillars of civilization: social hierarchy

a pillar of civilization. rich on top and poor on bottom. individual specialization

Great Leap Forward

standardization of tools. the use of tools to manipulate the environment

domestication of animals

10,000 BCE. taming and using animals for food, recourses, and clothing.

mesopotamia

an ancient piece of land between the tigris and Euphrates river.

theocracy

religious based government. government on religion

cuneiform

first language and writing system of mesopotamia and the epic of gilgamesh was written in this language

Sumer

Worlds first civilization ever. Located in Ur, Mesopotamia.

Sargon of Akkad

Conquered all of Mesopotamia with the Akkadian empire

ka

eternal life force. living after your body dies in Egypt. said that the pharaohs were eternal and help the current pharaohs

Memphis

capital of lower kingdom. mentuhotep moves Middle Kingdom capital here because this is where the old kingdom tombs are. the closer the Middle Kingdom Pharaohs are to the old kingdom, the better they look. he's peace and stability

Where are the pyramids located?

Memphis

Amenhoteop IV

amenhotep becomes obsessed with god of the sun disk Aten. so obsessed that he creates new capital called Akhentaten. changes religion to monotheism to believe in only Aten. bans temples not dedicated to sun god. he loses lots of land while pharaoh. when he dies his successor tries to erase all signs of him and changes everything he did

Indus Valley

contained the ganges river and harappan cities

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

harappan cities with a strong centralized government. used grid systems, levees and brick walls

harappa

might be the oldest city in the world

Ganges River

indo aryans settle on this river

Mohenjo-Daro

city of the dead

Mahabharata

an epic poem about how a king should rule

Sanskrit

language of the indo-aryans

Vedas

earliest texts of hinduism written in Sanskrit

brahman

main god of hinduism. is in literally everything. is everything

Vishnu

god that recreates

shiva

god that destroys

chandargupta Maurya

first emperor of India who united India

Shang dynasty

come to power because of the chariot (military technology). Chinese dynasty

oracle bones

used to tell kings the answers to their questions only writing we have from Shang dynasty

Zhou dynasty

immediately replaces Shang dynasty. took over because the Shang kings were immoral

rites of the Zhou (mandate of heaven)

said gods appoint kings. to lose the favor of the gods would mean you lose your kingdom. must act morally to keep kingdom and gods favor. used this as their why they were in power.

Where did the Minoans live?

Crete

Who conquered the Minoans?

Mycenaeans

what kind of people were the mycenaeans

warrior people

Knossos

most important city on crete. present for both minoans and mycenaeans

Pan-Hellenism

shared sense of Greekness

Hoplite

Greek soldier

Tyranny

rulers with no reason

name two greek tyrants

Peisistratus the first tyrant and hippias who was the last tyrant of athens

Lycurgus

wrote the very successful Spartan Constitution

Solon

created the athenian oligarchy and the athenian government

what starts the Persian wars

Persia conquers Ionia and sets tyrants up to run it. ionia is not a greek city, but the people believed they were greek. ionians ask Greece for help and only Athens helps. Athens and ionia overthrow the tyrants and Persia for now

Darius I

Persian emperor who says he will conquer ionia. he does and appoints himself as sole king of ionia. darius threatens Athens and at one point does attack Athens at marathon. dies in Persia after the battle of marathon

battle of marathon

battle between Athens and Persia. Athens are outnumbered nearly 3:1 but they still win in underdog fashion. Pheidippides runs 26.2 miles all the way back to Athens to tell the news of the victory.

Xerxes I

son of Darius I. says he will burn, enslave the men, kill the women and children of Athens. also says he will conquer all of Greece. Xerxes does burn Athens down, but loses the war, but doesn't care as he's satisfied with burning Athens down

battle of Thermopylae

battle between Xerxes and Persia vs Greece. the greek army is majorly decreased with just some athenians and 300-500 spartans. Persia has 200,000 troops. king Leonidas takes Greece into the battle and their goal is just to hold Persia off until the rest of the greek army gets there. king Leonidas gets the athenians out of the battle before him and remaining spartans die. Xerxes goes straight to Athens after this

battle of salamis and themistocles

naval battle between Persia and Themistocles. Themistocles evacuated the people of Athens to the island of salamis. he tricks Xerxes and splits Persia's navy into a strong side and weaker side. Themistocles attacks the weaker side and destroys half of Persias navy. this battle changes the whole tide of the war

Cleisthenes

a highly powerful and influential aristocrat who was never elected archon

Plato and Aristotle

athenian philosophers

Pericles

athenian leader who set up the athenian democracy. he overthrew the athenian oligarchy and gave power to the people

Peloponnesian war

war between Athens and Sparta. 431-404,

Battle of Mantinea

massive battle between Sparta and Athens. Athens gets smoked and after this Athens goes to Italy

great spartan betrayal

Persia decides to help sparta by giving them their navy, and this goes against pan hellenism and destroys everything all of Greece fought for in the Persian war

what sea does Rome expand around or on?

Mediterranean Sea

what region did the Etruscans in Italy live?

Etruria

what two rivers did the etruscans live in between

arno and tiber rivers

what was the most important city state of Etruria?

Veii because it was the richest city

who were the first people in Italy?

Etruscans

necropolis

city of the dead

why could etruria never expand

they were constantly fighting. fought internal and external powers

what region was Rome originally located in?

Latium

who lived in Latium

Latins

what were the latin rights?

1. if you spoke latin you were given a home. 2. latin people could marry anybody from another latin city. 3. latin people could move from latin city to latin city freely.

consuls

two leaders of Rome

tribunes

10 elected by you council of plebeians. their able to veto anything

senate

originally old men who are advisors to the consuls. later took the power to pass laws.

Oligarchy

patricians who would run for senate/consul positions. the oligarchs lead to conflict

plebeians

everyone else

patricians

the ruling class of Rome

triumph

military parade

sicily

caused the first punic war as cities in Sicily asked Carthage and Rome to help against the other cities in Sicily.

Corvus

attachments to Roman boats that allowed them to bring land battles to the sea. bridge with spike. reason why Rome won the first punic war

peace treaty, first one

unfair agreement between Carthage and Rome to end the first punic war. said that Carthage would leave Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. they would return roman prisoners for free while they must buy back prisoners for a high price.10 years Rome can't attack Syracuse and Carthage must pay taxes to Rome

Hannibal Barca

leader of Iberia and Carthaginian army. he was a war genius. hates Rome and in 218 BCE, Rome declares war on him. he smokes a lot roman army pack

Quintus Fabius Maximus

appointed dictator to counter Hannibal. gets the name "Delayer' for his war tactics. removed from dictator for being a coward, then later brought back to keep delaying Hannibal

Scipio Africanus

general who conquered Iberia and defeated Hannibal in Africa. given a triumph for his success and served in government after.

Battle of Zama

scipio defeats Hannibal in africa to end the 2nd Punic War. given a triumph and changed his name because of this

Carthago delenda est

Carthage must be destroyed (said by Cato the Elder)

which gracchi brother was more conservative

Tiberius Gracchus

which gracchi brother was more radical

Gaius Gracchus

Why was Tiberius Gracchus killed?

he ran for a 2nd year as a tribune

Why was Gaius Gracchus killed?

ran for a 3rd time as a tribune

triumvirate

agreement between three people

who was included in the first triumvirate

Caesar, Pompey, Crassus

who was known as the teenage butcher

Pompey

who put down Spartacus' rebellion

Pompey

what areas did Pompey conquer

modern day Syria and Jerusalem

what area did caesar conquer

Gaul

what day did caesar cross the rubicon and what was this event considered

January 10 49 BCE and treason against the roman republic

Who did Caesar have an affair with

Cleopatra

What day did Caesar die and how?

March 15, 44 BCE. He was backstabbed to death by senators 23 times.

who was apart of the second triumvirate

marc Antony, Octavian, and lepidus

who read caesars will

Marc Antony

what did caesar's will say and do

it gave money to all of the roman people and said that Octavian was Caesar's heir