Functional Human Anatomy - Rutgers Exam 1

Anatomical Position

Standard reference position. Body upright, palms forward, eye straight ahead, feet together and forward.

Fundamental Position

More relaxed, palms are facing inwards towards the body.

Sagittal Plane

vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane

Midsagittal Plane

bisects the body vertically through the midline marked by the navel, dividing the body exactly in left and right side

Frontal Plane

divides the body into ventral and dorsal (belly and back) sections

Transverse Plane

dividing the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions

Oblique Plane

section of a plane that is not at a right angle

Superior

above - towards the head

Inferior

below - toward the tail

Anterior

belly side

Posterior

backside

Medial

toward the middle of the body

Lateral

away from the middle of the body

Proximal

close to the trunk

Distal

farther from the trunk

Superficial

on or near the surface

Deep

internal

Flexion

decreases the angle

Extension

Increases the angle

Hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position

Lateral Flexion

decreasing an angle on the side of your body (based off spine)

Abduction

up and away from the center of the body

Adduction

moving towards the center of the body

Circumduction

rotation of a limb around axis while reducing or increasing an angle at the joint (ex: arm circles)

Internal/ Medial Rotation

rotation of a structure towards the midline of the body

External / Lateral Rotation

rotation of structure away from midline of the body

Supination

unique to forearm, palm faces out

Pronation

unique to forearm, palm faces in

Inversion

unique to ankle, feet pointed towards each other

Eversion

unique to ankle, feet pointed away from each other

Dorsiflexion

unique to ankle, elevation of the top of the foot

Plantarflexion

unique to ankle, extension of the anke, elevation of the heel (running)

Opposition

thumb movement across the palm of the hand to allow grasp

Protraction

gliding motion that moves a structure anteriorly (slouching)

Retraction

gliding motion that moves structure posteriorly (sitting up straight)

Elevation

moves structure superiorly (shoulders up)

Depression

moves structure inferiorly (shoulders down)

Functions of Skeleton System

Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Blood cell production

Bone Histology

2/3 Calcium Phosphate (Hydroxyappetite), 1/3 protein-collagen fibers, 2 percent osteocytes and other cells

Bone Tissue - specialized cells

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

Found in an area with high metabolism (ex. periosteum), Responsible for making new bones, produce collagen, proteoglycans and matrix vesicles

Osteocytes

located in spaces between layers of the hard matrix of the bone

Osteoclasts

secrete acids (dissolves bony tissue by releasing calcium, phosphate, magnesium), requires enzymes, important for bone growth, health, and remodeling

Osseous Tissue Classification

organized collagen fibers within bone matrix (Woven and Lamellar)

Woven Bone

Collagen fibers are randomly organized (osseous tissue) Spongy or compact bone

Lamellar Bone

Collagen fibers are organized into sheets or layers (osseous tissue) Spongy or compact bone

Spongy Bone

Appears as interconnecting rods called trabeculae. Open network surrounded by compact bone. Found at either end of long bones. Much lighter then compact bones meaning it heightens motion and lessens weight.

Compact Bone

Dense bone, few spaces. Solid outer of the bone. Thickness depends on stress of bone.

Bone Shapes

Long Bone, Short Bone, Flat Bone, and Irregular Bone

Appositional growth

Process of adding layers of bone tissue and supporting vessels and innervation to existing bine structures (increasing width)

Wolff's Law

Calcium laid down to stress

Piezoelectric Effect

Pressure on a tissue changes to electrical charge of that tissue

Axial Skeleton

Skull, 3 Auditory Ossicles, Hyoid Bone, Vertebral Column, Rib Cage, Sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral Girdle, Upper Extremities, Pelvic Girdle, Lower Extremities

Synarthrosis

Immovable joint

Ampiarthrosis

Slightly movable joint

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint

Monoaxial

when a joint allows movement only along one axis

biaxial

movement allowed on two axes situated at right angles to one another ex. wrist

multiaxial

when movement is allowed around multiple axes ex. shoulder, hip

Major Joints based on what?

Presence of a joint space, if no joint space, the type of connective tissue on the articulating bones

Fibrous Joints

Common in axial skeleton, most immovable. Includes sutures (thick fiber), Syndemoses (distal upper and lower parts fibers connect between two long bones), gomphxses (tough fibers between boney structures)

Cartilaginous Joints

Common is axial skeleton. Not highly moveable but more moveable then fibrous joints. IncludesSynchondroses (Joint between first rib and manubrium, not supposed to give), Symphysis (gives motion, has to be midline, ex: intervertebral disks)

Synovial Joints

Common in appendicular skeleton. No blood vessels inside joint. Moveable. Ex: knee, shoulder

Includes: articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, reinforcing ligaments, nerves, and vessels, articular disks/ menisci, fat pads and bursar

Articular Capsule

Outer: periosteal outer layer from bone, strengthens joint capsule.

Inner: Synovial membrane of loose CT, covers internal, makes synovial fluid

Articulation

two or more bones connect and allow motion

Joint Cavity/ Synovial Cavity

Potential space that holds a small amount of synovial fluid

Synovial Fluid

Found within joint cavity, acts as lubricating fluid in the joint gets squeezed into and out of articular cartilage by joint movement (nourishes and lubricates cartilage, removes waste)

Articular Cartilage

absorbs compression of bone

Articular Discs/ Menisci

Only synovial bones. Found in two spots - TMJ, Knee. Divides joint cavity into two , purpose is to improve the fit

Fat Pads

pads lie between bone surfaces near edge and within the joint, behind patella, fills space, protection

Bursae

small synovial fluid filled pockets within CT surrounding synovial joints, reduce friction and absorb shock, disperses fluid and heat

Influencing Synovial Joint Stability

Closed packed: most stable, max contact and tightness

Open pack: no max contact and tightness

Muscle tendon- most important cant have too much (not stable) or too little (too much flexibility = loss of stability)

Gliding Motion

linear motion where 2 opposing surfaces slide past one another - slight with little rotation

Rotational Motion

movement of bone along its axis (ex: supination and Pronation -ulna and radius)

Synovial Joints that Produce Motion

6- gliding, hinge joint, ellipsoidal, saddle joint, pivot, ball in socket

Gliding Joint

flat or slightly curved, 2 short bones slide one another NO ROTATION

Hinge Joint

Slight rotation (ex: knee, moves in order to keep stability but not too much)

Ellipsoidal Joint

oval face sits in small depression on another socket - Rolling of the joint can be present

Saddle Joint

articular face has shape of saddle, concave on one said, convex on other (ex: thumb, not ball in socket)

Pivot Joint

cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring of bone and ligamentous support (rotational movement)

Ball in Socket Joint

spherical head of one bone fitting in to spherical socket of another bone (ex: shoulder, hip - multiaxial)

ACL and PCL

tendons by lower median knee/leg

Ankle

mobility - sagital

Knee

Stability

Hip

Mobility -Multiplanar

Lumbar Spine

Stability

Thoracic Spine

Mobility

Scapula

Stability

Functions of Muscular System

movement of body

maintenance of posture

production of body heat

communication

contraction of organs and vessels

contraction of the heart

Property of muscle tissue- Excitability

ability to respond to neural stimulation

Property of muscle tissue- Contractibility

ability to shorten

Property of muscle tissue- Extensibility

ability to contract over a range of resting lengths

Property of muscle tissue- Elasticity

ability of a muscle to return to its original length after contraction

CT of Muscle - Endomysium

surrounds each muscle fiber/cell - innermost layer

CT of Muscle - Perimysium

surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles) - middle layer

CT of Muscle - Epimysium

covers outside of the entire muscle - outer most layer

Nervous Supply of Muscle

travel in surrounding CT to innervate muscle fibers --> voluntary skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by axons from motor neurons from ventral horn spinal cord (CNS)

T-Tubules of Muscle Cells

______ interconnect to surround myofibrils on path to opposite sides of the cell allowing for:

nerves impulses to be transmitted rapidly to individual myofibrils

transport of nutrients along with extracellular fluid to inner parts of muscle of muscle fiber

Sarcomeres

Composed of bundles of myofilaments which are responsible for muscle contraction

extend from one z-disc to adjacent z-disc