PROTEINS PT. 1

Catabolism and Nitrogen Balance, Structure of Proteins and Plasma Proteins

What are the importance of proteins?

1. Motion and Locomotion

2. Biochemical reactions

3. Structure of cells and extracellular matrix

4. Transport of materials

5. Receptors for hormones

6. Transcription of a gene

7. Antibodies of the immune system

What is the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

Most proteins are synthesized in?

Liver

All proteins are synthesized in the liver except?

1. Adult Hemoglobin

2. Immunoglobulin

3. Von Willebrand Factor

Where are immunoglobulins synthesized?

Plasma cells

In normal healthy adults, there is _____ nitrogen balance.

EQUAL

A type of nitrogen balance in which intake exceeds their loss

Positive Nitrogen Balance

A type of nitrogen balance in which nitrogen is excreted.

Negative Nitrogen Balance

Determine whether there is positive nitrogen balance or negative nitrogen balance:

Pregnancy

Positive Nitrogen Balance

Determine whether there is positive nitrogen balance or negative nitrogen balance:

Growing Children

Positive Nitrogen Balance

Determine whether there is positive nitrogen balance or negative nitrogen balance:

Patient in convalescent phase of the disease

Positive Nitrogen Balance

Determine whether there is positive nitrogen balance or negative nitrogen balance:

Burns

Negative nitrogen balance:

Determine whether there is positive nitrogen balance or negative nitrogen balance:

Wasting Disease

Negative nitrogen balance

Determine whether there is positive nitrogen balance or negative nitrogen balance:

High fever

Negative nitrogen balance

Determine whether there is positive nitrogen balance or negative nitrogen balance:

Starvation

Negative nitrogen balance

Determine whether there is positive nitrogen balance or negative nitrogen balance:

Vomiting

Negative nitrogen balance

This is the most basic structure of proteins

Primary Structure of Proteins

What is the primary composition of proteins?

Carbon (C), H (Hydrogen), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N)

Proteins typically begin with an ____ end and ends with ____ end 

Amino (NH₂) and Carboxylic (COOH) end.

A structure of protein wherein there is a regularly repeating structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the amino acids within the protein. 

Secondary structure

What are the most common secondary structures of protein?

Alpha (⍺)-helix and Beta (β)-pleated sheet

This structure of protein which refers to the overall shape or conformation of the protein molecule. 

Tertiary Structure of Protein 

This structure of protein that represents the three-dimensional of a protein. 

Tertiary Structure of Protein 

This is defined as a shape or structure that results from the interaction of more than one protein molecule or protein subunits held together by non-covalent bonds.

Quaternary Structure

This structure of protein is the most complex protein form

Quaternary Structure

Match the following:

1. Alpha Helix

2. Linear Structure

3. Beta Pleated Sheet

4. Hemoglobin

5. Heme

A. Primary Structure

B. Secondary Structure

C. Tertiary Structure

D. Quaternary Structure

1. B

2. A

3. B

4. D

5. C

A process in which the proteins’ structural organization is lost or disassembled

Denaturation

How does denaturation of protein happen?

1. By heat

2. By hydrolysis by strong acid or alkali

3. By enzymatic reaction

4. By exposure to urea or other substances

5. By exposure to UV light

What makes protein unique from other macromolecules?

Presence of nitrogen compounds

These type of proteins catalyze chemical reactions; they accelerate chemical reactions. 

Enzymes

These type of proteins act as chemical messengers that control the actions of specific cells or organs. 

Hormones

These type of proteins according to function act to transport ions, small molecules or macromolecules such as hormones, vitamins, minerals and lipids. 

Transport

These proteins are produced by B Cells that mediate the humoral immune response. 

Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

These type of proteins according to function are found in the fibrous structure of cells and tissues such as muscle, tendons and bone matrix. 

Structural protein

These type of proteins according to function serve as reserves of metal ions and amino acids that can be released and used later without harming the cell. 

Storage

These type of proteins according to function serve as reserve source of energy for tissues and muscles. 

Energy Source

These type of proteins function in the distribution of water throughout the compartments of the body. 

Osmotic Force

Match the following:

1. Transaminases

2. Insulin

3. Albumin

4. IgG

5. Keratin

6. Ferritin

A. Transport Proteins

B. Storage Proteins

C. Structural Proteins

D. Antibodies

E. Enzymes

F. Hormones

1. E

2. F

3. A

4. D

5. C

6. B

A type of proteins that contain peptide chains composed of only amino acids. 

Simple proteins

What can be the shape of proteins?

Globular or fibrous

A type of protein according to structure that consists of a protein and non-protein group. 

Conjugated Proteins

A type of conjugated proteins that have a metal ion attached to a protein.

Metalloproteins

A type of protein that have a cholesterol and triglyceride linked to proteins such as HDL and VLDL.

Lipoproteins

A type of proteins which are infused with carbohydrates.

Glycoproteins

A type of proteins combined with nucleic acids.

Nucleoproteins

Match the following:

1. Ceruloplasmin

2. HDL

3. a1-antitrypsin

4. Chromatin

A. Lipoprotein

B. Glycoprotein

C. Nucleoprotein

D. Metalloprotein

1. D

2. A

3. B

4. C