PSYC 3083 Exam 1

the effectiveness of counseling and resulted in hundreds of studies to examine its usefulness

*Although Eysenck's research was found to contain flaws, it led to a debate concerning:

Critical elements for successful client outcomes

*Client readiness for change, psychological resources, and access to social supports have shown to be:

When the clinician matches techniques from his or her personal theory of counseling to the presenting

*Evidence-based practice can be defined as all but which of the following?

Moral Model

*Kitchener is best knowing for what type of ethical decision-making model?

Logic models

Models of ethical decision-making were developed to assist the counselor in solving difficult problems. Which of the following is not considered one of these models?

"Multicultural and Advocacy Competencies"

*Which model/best practices should all practitioners be aware of when practicing culturally competent counseling?

Impose your values on clients only when the client most needs help.

(1) Which of the following is not a best practice method when working with clients?

Never release your records..

(2) Which of the following is not a best practice method when working with clients?

When working with minor children, ensure that parents do not have access to any information about the counseling relationship...

(3) Which of the following is not a best practice method when working with clients?

Theories offer a framework from which to work

*Which of the following is the primary reason for incorporating theory into one's counseling practice is?

The ego; superego

__ and __ are higher cognitive processes developed to restrain the impulse of the id

The transference relationship

*A cornerstone of the relationship between a client and psychoanalyst is the developments of __ in which the client projects onto the analyst internalized patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior which were the result of early childrearing practices on the client

Neurotic anxiety

A young mother, questioning her care taking skills, awakens during the night sweating and nervous. She fear she may harm her sleeping baby in a violent manner. This is an example of:

Oedipus Complex

An unconscious desire to possess the parent of the opposite sex and eliminate or kill the parent of the same sex in boys is called (the):

hypnosis and free association

Anna O. was mostly treated with:

Latency

*At this stage, a child focuses on peer relationships, and other age appropriate activities:

can be viewed as a healthy way of assisting an individual to function adaptively in society

Defense mechanism:

erogenous zones

Freud posited that a child's libido is dispersed throughout the stages of development, and that as the child grows, his or her psychic energy becomes focused on different __ which correspond to the development of the child.

charcot

*Freud traveled to Paris to study with __, who found that when persons with hysteria were place under hypnosis, their symptoms would often be relieved.

displacement

*Redirecting an unacceptable impulse to a more acceptable object or person is the definition of:

It unconsciously motivates all of our behaviors and operates from raw, irrational impulses

The id can be explained by which of the following?

Variety of symptoms: anxiety, fainting, muscle spasms, dissociation, etc

Which best defines the term "hysteria"?

When goals of the approach are in conflict with client's culture

*A condition warranting caution by the clinician in utilizing a person-centered approach is which of the following?

Find the right balance between the expression of feelings and the monitoring of those feelings

*A counselor has ongoing angry feelings towards a client and does not share them. According to Rogers, the most effective response to the client is:

acting in a nongenuine or incongruent manner

*According to Person-Centered theory, anxiety stems from:

during a child's early years and throughout life

*According to person-centered theory, the organismic valuing process occurs:

an actualizing tendency

*According to Rogers, people are born with:

Use of questions

*All but which of the following are ways in which one can make an empathic response:

conditions places on us by significant people in order to get us to act in a certain manner

*Conditions of worth are:

Deep understanding

Empathy is most closely associated with which of the following?

the most critical factor in the change process

*In person-centered counseling, the therapeutic relationship is:

empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard

Person-centered counseling stresses the importance of which counselor qualities?

When individuals become congruent, they know what choices are best for them, almost as if there is no choice

*Relative to choice in person-centered counseling, Rogers posited which of the following?

find balance between the counselor's awareness of his or her own feelings and the expression of those feelings

*Relative to the counselor being congruent, it is important that he or she:

phenomenology

Rogers had a belief that reality for each person is a function of that person's consciousness or understanding of the world, and not something external to that person. This is called

A sense of acceptance

Which of the following statements best describes the term unconditional positive regard?

Flooding, implosion

*__ and __ techniques based on classical conditioning and involve exposing an individual to a feared stimulus for an extended period of time.

Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

__ is any stimulus that when presented, increases the likelihood of a response, while __ is any stimulus when removed, increases the likelihood of a response

Operant conditioning

*__ occurs when a behavior increases or decreases as the result of consequences to the emission of a behavior.

Classical conditioning

*A client with whom I am working has a fear of dirt. She remarks that her parents would always yell and scream at her when she was younger, playing in dirt. In terms of behavioral principles, which approach most likely accounts for the client's fear?

The model has to be complex if reinforcement contingencies are to hold

*According to Bandura, all but which of the following are necessary for modeling to occur effectively?

Physical punishment

Although sometimes used, which of the following approach is seen as not being a particularly effective method of effecting behavioral change?

Token economy

Associated mostly with the individuals with intellectual disabilities and "severe" mental disorders, this technique uses something symbolic (e.g., a coin, coupon) that is later exchanged for a "backup reinforcer"

functional behavioral analysis

Modern-day behavioral therapy stresses the importance of conducting a thorough assessment of the client's needs, often referred to as a __.

spontaneous recovery

Reinforcement theory suggests that extinction of most behaviors will usually be followed by a resurgence of the targeted behavior called:

reciporcal inhibition

Relaxation exercises, which are often taught to clients who are experiencing anxiety, stress, and/or fear, are based on the principle of:

extinction

The ceasing of a behavior because it is not reinforced is called:

classical conditioning

The process, by which an unconditioned stimulus is repeated paired with a neutral stimulus, and then the neutral stimulus becomes a conditional stimulus is called:

Relationship building, defining the problem and setting goals, choosing techniques, assessment, closure, and follow-up

What is the correct order of the therapeutic stages in behaviorism?

Variable ratio

*I decide to reinforce my child's behavior on an intermittent basis (i.e., at different numbers of times when it is emitted). I am aiming for an average of every 5th time it is emitted. What kind of reinforcement schedule am I using?

Anal

*Fixation at which of the following of Freud's psychosexual stages of development can explain adults who may become stubborn, perfectionistic, precise, and obstinate?

Our personalities are determined at a young age and are difficult to change

*Freud's theory is deterministic which is explained by which of the following?

The effective person-centered counselor would stress the importance of spirituality as a critical facet in the overall makeup of the individual

*All but which of the following is true regarding spirituality and person-centered counseling?

agoraphobia

*An example of presenting problem which may not be best suited for the Person-Centered approach

intuition

*view of human nature held by a theorist includes all but which of the following?

adhering to one theoretical approach because of its known efficacy

*using an integrative approach to counseling includes all but which of the following?

it is an 8 step model of problem solving

*which of the following describes Corey's model of making decision?

internal locus of control

*according to person-centered theory, as an individual becomes more self-determined and autonomous, he or she would be said to be gaining in a/an:

•Jean-Jacques Rousseau (people are naturally kind)

•John Dewey (reflection and experience in learning)

•Soren Kierkegaard (subjectivity and choices)

•Parents (their judgmental attitudes sent Rogers in other direction)

*Who did Carl Rogers get his inspiration from?

classical conditioning, social learning, and operant conditioning

*Which principles are Ivan, Pavlov, Bandura, and BF Skinner known for in order?

systemic desensitization

*If you make a friend who was afraid of elevators ride with you to the top of the Empire State building, it would be an example of:

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

*what is the correct order of psychosexual stages of development?