VCE Physical Education Unit 3 SAC 2 (copy)

For Victorian Certificate of Education Physical Education AOS 2

ATP Breakdown

• ATP is the energy source for all muscular movements. The ATP is split when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. When it is split it releases energy.

Creatine Phosphate (Chemical)

• Chemical fuel contatining a high-energy phosphate for rapid release of energy.

• Limited CP Storage

Carbohydrates

• Sugar and starches e.g. bread, pasta, fruit, vegetables.

• The bodys preferred source of fuel under exercise conditions.

Fats

• Are a concentrated fuel source in dairy products, oils, nuts etc. Preferred fuel source at rest and during prolonged submaximal exercise.

Protein

• Protein if found in meat, fish, eggs etc. Used for muscle growth and repair.

  • Minimal Contribution to energy production during exercise.

At rest exercise Fuel

1. Fats

2. Carbohydrates (Aerobic)

3. Carbohydrates (Anaerobic)

Submaximal Activity Fuel

1. Carbohydrates (Aerobic)

2. Fats

3. Carbohydrates (Anaerobic)

   1. Protein

Maximal Activity Fuel

1. Carbohydrates

The cross over concept

ATP Cycle

ATP-PC System

• Fuel=Creatine Phosphate

• Intensity=Maximal <95%

• Rate=Explosive

• Yield=0.7 ATP PM

• Duration=0-10 seconds

Anaerobic Glycolysis System

• Fuel=Glycogen

• Intensity=High Intensity 95%-85%

• Rate=Fast

• Yield=2-3 ATP PM

• Duration=10-75 seconds

Aerobic Glycolysis System

• Fuel=Glycogen/Triglycerides

• Intensity=Submaximal 85%-70% or >70%

• Rate=Slow

• Yield=38 ATP PM or 441 ATP PM (triglycerides)

• Duration=75 seconds +

Factors Affecting Contribution

• The duration of the exercise

• The intensity of the exercise

• Whether sufficient oxygen is present

• Continuous exercise or intermittent exercise

• Available fuel sources

Writing a response

• All energy systems contribute to energy production

• ATP-PC starts continues to 6-10 seconds

• Anaerobic Glycolysis becomes more dominant

• Aerobic Glycolysis System increases but never becomes dominant.

  • Predominant Energy system would be ATP-PC for a 200m event.

Intermittent Activity

• Exercise beats that alternate between periods of activity and intensity.

Contributions from the energy systems depends on

• Duration

• Intensity

• Fuel Availability

  • Weather Conditions

Lactate Inflection Point (LIP)

• LIP is the highest exercise intensity where lactate removal and lactate production are balanced.

Beyond LIP

• Beyond LIP, lactate production exceeds

  • Accumulation of Hydrogen Ions causes fatigue

Intensity of LIP

• Generally at 85% Max Heart Rate

  • 55-70% VO2 Max

Oxygen Uptake or Vo2

• The volume of oxygen able to be taken up by and transported to and used by the body for energy.

Vo2 Max Vs. Vo2

• Vo2 Max=The maximum volume of oxygen able to be used by the body.

  • Vo2=Is the rate of oxygen

Factors Affecting Oxygen Uptake

• Body Size

• Age

• Gender

• Training

  • Genetics

Oxygen Deficit

• Is the period of time at the start of the exercise where the oxygen demand exceeds.

Steady State

• Is the state in which oxygen equals oxygen demand

Oxygen Debt (EPOC)

• At the completion of exercise, oxygen consumption remains elevated, despite a reduction in the demand for energy.

Fast Phase of EPOC

• ATP Resynthesise

• CP Resynthesise

  • Restore oxygen to Myoglobin

Slow Phase of EPOC

• Return core temperature

• Convert Lactic Acid to h2o

• Lactic Acid converted to Glycogen/protein

• Restore heart rate

  • Restore other body systems

Acute Respiratory Responses

• Increase Respiratory Rate = number of breaths per minute

• Increase Ventilation = Volume of air breathed in per minute (RR x TV = V)

• Increased Tidal Volume = volume of air breathed in per breath

  • Increased Pulmonary Diffusion = The transfer of oxygen to the alveoli to the capillaries

Acute Cardiovascular Responses

• Increased Heart Rate = Number of beats of the heart per minute

• Increased Stroke Volume = Volume of blood pumped per beat of the heart

• Increased Cardiac Volume = Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (HR x SV = Q)

• Increased Systolic Blood Pressure = The pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls when the heart contracts.

• Redistribution of blood flow = Altering the percentage of cardiac output that is distributed to various body sites.

• Increased Venous Return = The blood returning to the heart via the venous system

• Increased AVO2 Difference = The difference in the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood and venous blood.

• Decreased Blood Volume = total quantity of blood in the body (plasma + cellular)

Acute Muscular Responses

• Increased motor unit recruitment = The number and frequency of motor units recruited for the muscular contractions.

• Increased muscle temperature = The degree of intensity of heat present in the muscles.

• Increased oxygen uptake and consumption = Volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the body.

• Increased Metabolic By Products = Substance leftover from the metabolic processes.

  • Decreased Energy Substrate Scores = Fuel sources required for ATP resynthesis.

Relative VO2 Max

• Is a better measurement to compare athletes to one another.

Absolute VO2 Max

• The amount of oxygen breathed in per minute.

Increased Ventilation Formula

• Increased Respiratory Rate x Tidal Volume

Increased Cardiac Output Formula

• Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

Before exercise (increased heart rate)

• Anticipatory Response

• Warming the body up