Midterms Lab 01. Electrolytes

electrolytes

ions capable of carrying an electric charge

equal

fluids always contain ____ numbers of cations and anions

electroneutrality

balance is referred to as

electrolytes

depends on the chemical composition of compound and the concentration within the medium

anions

• (-) charge

• move toward the anode

cations

• (+) charge

• move toward the cathode

• sodium

• chloride

• potassium

involved in volume & osmotic regulation

• potassium

• magnesium

• calcium

involved in myocardial rhythm and contractility

• potassium

• calcium

• magnesium

involved in neuromuscular excitability

• magnesium

• calcium

cofactors in enzyme activation

magnesium

involved in regulation of ATPase ion pumps

• magnesium

• phosphate

involved in production and use of ATP from glucose

• calcium

• magnesium

involved in blood coagulation

• phosphate

• potassium

• chloride

involved in acid-base balance

40-75%

average content water of total body weight

decreases

as we age, water

lower

women have ____ water content

water

• transports nutrients to cells

• determines cell volume

• removes waste products

• acts as body’s coolant

2/3

water in ICF

1/3

water in ECF

93%

normal plasma is ?% water

7%

normal plasma is ?% solutes: glucose, lipids, proteins, NPNs, amino acids, ions

• calcium

• potassium

may cause cardiac arrest

magnesium

very important in our diet

passive diffusion / transport

passive movement of ions

active transport

requires energy to move ions across a membrane

275-295 mOsm/kg

normal plasma osmolality

water

dissolves electrolytes

• sweat

• urine

water removes waste product through

edema

water retention of 3L or >3L

AVP deficiency

10-20L water excretion

• sodium

• potassium

2 electrolytes excreted in sweat

equal

water input and output should be

• active transport

• passive diffusion / transport

ion concentration within cells and in plasma are maintained by

osmolality

physical property of a solution based on the concentration of solutes (millimoles) per kg of solvent (w/w)

concentrated solution (thirst)

increased osmolality → ?

dilute solution (water overload)

decreases osmolality → ?

• sodium

• chloride

• bicarbonate

92% involved in osmolality

anion gap

difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations

anion gap

analyzer QC

diabetic ketoacidosis

anion gap is used to monitor

10-20 mmol/L

NV of anion gap

uremia

anions retention

hypoalbuminemia

unmeasured anions

• uremia

• ketoacidosis

• DM

• poisoning — methanol, ethylene glycol, salicylate

• hypernatremia

• instrument error

causes of increased anion gap

• hypoalbuminemia

• hypercalcemia

• hyperlipidemia

• increased myeloma protein

• plasma cell dyscrasias

• bromide intoxication

causes of decreased anion gap

sodium

the most abundant cation in the ECF

sodium

major extracellular cation (90%)

Natrium

sodium is known as

sodium

concentration depends on water intake and excretion

sodium

major contributor of plasma osmolality

• serum

• heparin plasma

• 24 hr urine

• sweat (Policarpine method)

specimen used for sodium

glass aluminum silicate

ion selective electrode method for sodium

Albanese-Lein method

colorimetry method for sodium

• aldosterone

• atrial natriuretic factor

hormones affecting sodium levels

adrenal cortex