PSYC 2150 Ch 5 Test Banks

Jason witnessed the theft of a bike outside of a grocery store. He was asked to describe the perpetrator he saw. Where will Jason retrieve the information from?

A) Short-term memory

B) Encoded memory

C) Long-term memory

D) Working memory

E) Phenomenological loop

C) Long-term memory

Barry perceived a crime and attended to the details of that crime. What did he do with the crime details?

A) He put the crime details in short-term memory

B) He encoded the crime details

C) He put the crime details in long-term memory

D) He retrieved the crime details

E) He mentally "videorecorded" the crime details

B) He encoded the crime details

Fill in the factors that are present in the following scenario that may impact the quality of the witness account. Margaret is looking at the board listing all the varieties of tea so she is ready to tell the cashier what she wants to order. She is not paying attention to her surroundings (factor a: _____________). There is a brief interaction between her and an unfamiliar male (factor b: _____________). Margaret is now a witness, and she is interviewed with several other people in the coffee house by police (factor c: _____________). The police officer asks Amanda a few brief questions (factor d: _____________). She then leaves the store.

A) a. inattention, b. time, c. post-event interference, d. question wording

B) a. familiarity, b. attention, c. noise, d. literacy

C) a. confidence, b. time, c. lighting, d. lineup procedure

D) a. environment, b. distraction, c. smells, d. authority effect

E) a. literacy, b. noise, c. literacy, d. uniqueness

A) a. inattention, b. time, c. post-event interference, d. question wording

_____________ memory refers to determining whether a previously seen item or person is the same as what is currently being viewed.

A) Recognition

B) Procedural

C) Recall

D) Semantic

E) Distributive

A) Recognition

__________ memory refers to reporting details of a previously witnessed event or person.

A) Recognition

B) Short-term

C) Semantic

D) Procedural

E) Recall

E) Recall

Dr. Sander wants to conduct an experiment to examine whether memory is better for events that are witnessed versus events one is directly involved in (i.e., the victim). He sets up a staged event where participants arrive in groups of three to his study (one is a confederate), are asked to take out their wallets to show their photo ID, followed by the confederate who steals one participant's wallet and runs off down the hall. Both participants (the witness and the victim) are questioned by campus security separately about what happened, and asked to identify the suspect out of a photo lineup. In this example, what is the independent variable?

A) What the confederate stole from the participant

B) Whether the memory is reported by a victim or a witness

C) How the participants were interviewed about the "crime"

D) Whether there were differences in correct or false identifications

E) How much information the participants reported

B) Whether the memory is reported by a victim or a witness

____________ variables are those variables or factors that are present at the time of the crime and cannot be changed (e.g., age of the witness, the amount of lighting, the presence of a weapon). _____________ variables are those variables or factors that can be manipulated to increase (or decrease) eyewitness accuracy (e.g., type of procedure used by police to interview).

A) System, Estimator

B) Dynamic, Static

C) Criminogenic, Procedural

D) Estimator, System

E) Static, Dynamic

D) Estimator, System

A ________________ is when a witness to a crime is presented with a set of people and is asked to decide whether the perpetrator is present and, if present, which person it is.

A) show up

B) walk through

C) witness comparison test

D) narrative elaboration technique

E) lineup

E) lineup

What is an open-ended recall in a police interview also known as?

A) Memory purge

B) Direct question recall

C) Cued invitation

D) Free narrative

E) Temporal sequencing

D) Free narrative

What has not been identified as a limitation of the standard police interview?

A) Asking brief, direct questions

B) Mixing visual and auditory questions

C) Asking questions in a random order

D) Asking very broad questions

E) Frequent interruptions

D) Asking very broad questions

What is memory conformity?

A) When what one witness reports influences what another witness reports

B) When a witness refuses to report what was experienced

C) When a witness reports information that matches a recording of the events

D) When a witness recalls the same information recalled by a suspect

E) When a witness changes testimony to match what the police desires to hear

A) When what one witness reports influences what another witness reports

John and Penny were both interviewed by the police about a car accident they witnessed. John was asked "How fast was the blue car going when it hit the white car". Penny was asked "How fast was the blue car going when it smashed into the white car?" What can a subtle change in the wording of a question lead to?

A) Gender effect

B) Misinformation effect

C) Attention effect

D) Narrative effect

E) Colour effect

B) Misinformation effect

Some studies have found that witnesses can recall an original accurate memory and an inaccurate memory. However, witnesses cannot remember where each memory came from. When asked to recall what was seen, the witness chooses the incorrect memory. What is this explanation of the misinformation effect called?

A) Misinformation acceptance hypothesis

B) Null hypothesis

C) Memory impairment hypothesis

D) Source misattribution hypothesis

E) Leading question hypothesis

D) Source misattribution hypothesis

On March 16, Nathan is trying to recall the events of an armed robbery that he witnessed on March 12. The police fear that his original memory may have been replaced or altered with a new incorrect memory based on a movie he watched on March 14. What is this explanation called?

A) Misinformation disapproval hypothesis

B) Null hypothesis

C) Repressed memory hypothesis

D) Source enhancement theory

E) Memory impairment hypothesis

E) Memory impairment hypothesis

According to Kebbell and Wagstaff (1998), __________ and ____________ are used often in hypnosis?

A) confabulation, suppression

B) compliance, social proof

C) age regression, television technique

D) focused meditation, staring

E) role playing, clock watching

C) age regression, television technique

Which of the following statements is not correct concerning the outcome of hypnosis?

A) More information is recalled.

B) Participants report relatively more accurate information and less inaccurate information.

C) Participants express a high degree of confidence in their memory reports.

D) It is not possible to determine which statements are erroneous and which are correct.

E) Reinstating context, recalling, recognizing, and forgetting.

B) Participants report relatively more accurate information and less inaccurate information.

What is the name of the interview procedure for use with eyewitnesses based on principles of memory storage and retrieval?

A) The Reid Model

B) Lineup Identification

C) Cognitive Interview

D) The Phased Interview Model

E) Motivational Interviewing

C) Cognitive Interview

A police interviewer's questions should match the witness' thinking. For example, if the witness is talking about clothing, the officer should be asking about clothing. What is this principle known as?

A) Witness-compatible questioning

B) Rapport building

C) Interviewer-centered memory retrieval

D) Focused retrieval

E) The matching technique

A) Witness-compatible questioning

Which of the following statements is true with respect to the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview?

A) The enhanced cognitive interview incorporates all the elements of the cognitive interview.

B) Only some officers in Canada have been trained to use the cognitive interview.

C) No significant differences have been found between the effectiveness of the cognitive interview and that of the enhanced cognitive interview.

D) Compared to the standard police interview, the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview produce more accurate information without an increase in inaccurate information.

E) All of the above.

E) All of the above.

A police interviewer does not interrupt a witness' recall, pauses when listening to answers, and expresses attention to what the witness is saying. What part of the enhanced cognitive interview is this?

A) Rapport building

B) Transfer of control

C) Focused retrieval

D) Supportive interviewer behaviour

E) Witness-compatible questioning

D) Supportive interviewer behaviour

In a meta-analysis of the cognitive interview, reviewing 25 years of research, Memon, Meissner, and Fraser (2010) found that the cognitive interview produces a ______________ in accurate information with a ______________ in errors.

A) significant increase, small increase

B) significant decrease, small decrease

C) small increase, small decrease

D) small decrease, significant increase

E) small increase, significant decrease

A) significant increase, small increase

In a study of how well witnesses can recall details of a perpetrator, Yarmey, Jacob, and Porter (2002) found that witnesses were the best at reporting ___________ and the worst at reporting ______________.

A) height, weight

B) eye colour, hair colour

C) colour of top, design of top

D) weight, complexion

E) age, colour of footwear

E) age, colour of footwear

Sauerland and Sporer's (2011) examination of the effect of recall modality on memory performance revealed that:

A) modality did not play a significant role in recall.

B) asking witnesses to write out their descriptions produced shorter and less accurate descriptions than when witnesses orally stated their descriptions.

C) asking witnesses to write out their descriptions produced longer and more accurate descriptions than when witnesses orally stated their descriptions.

D) asking witnesses to write out their descriptions produced shorter bur more accurate descriptions than when witnesses orally stated their descriptions.

E) witnesses tend to get annoyed with interviewers who take notes.

B) asking witnesses to write out their descriptions produced shorter and less accurate descriptions than when witnesses orally stated their descriptions.

A ______________ strategy matches lineup members to the suspect's appearance.

A) similarity-to-witness

B) differential scaling

C) foil-to-foil

D) distractor-to-foil

E) similarity-to-suspect

E) similarity-to-suspect

What type of decision is impossible with a target-present lineup?

A) correct identification

B) foil identification

C) false rejection

D) false identification

E) All of the above are possible identification decisions with the target-present lineup.

D) false identification

What type of lineup is one where the suspect does not stand out from the other lineup members?

A) Foiled

B) Fair

C) Functioning

D) Full

E) Distractor-driven

B) Fair

Youssef has just viewed a target-absent lineup, but he identified an innocent suspect as the perpetrator. What type of eyewitness decision was made?

A) Correct identification

B) False rejection

C) Foil identification

D) Correct rejection

E) False identification

E) False identification

A ____________ identification (with either a target-present lineup or a target-absent lineup) is a known error to the police, so the person identified will not be prosecuted.

A) double-blind

B) false

C) mixed

D) foil

E) inverted

D) foil

What type of judgement is being made when an eyewitness compares each lineup member to their memory of the perpetrator to decide whether the lineup member is the perpetrator?

A) An absolute judgment

B) False judgment

C) Relative judgment

D) Correct acceptance

E) Biased judgment

A) An absolute judgment

. What type of judgement is being made when an eyewitness simultaneously compares lineup members to one another and then makes a decision based on who they believe looks most like the perpetrator?

A) An absolute judgment

B) False judgment

C) Relative judgment

D) Correct acceptance

E) Foil identification

C) Relative judgment

Lindsay and Wells (1985) compared the identification accuracy rate achieved with the simultaneous and sequential lineup procedures. What did they find?

A) Correct identification (target-present lineups) rates differed immensely across lineup procedures, and correct rejection rates were significantly different across lineup procedures.

B) There were no significant findings.

C) Correct identification (target-present lineups) rates differed somewhat across lineup procedures, but correct rejection rates were not significantly different across lineup procedures.

D) Simultaneous lineups were far more effective than sequential lineups.

E) Correct identification (target-present lineups) rates did not differ across lineup procedures, but correct rejection rates were significantly different across lineup procedures.

E) Correct identification (target-present lineups) rates did not differ across lineup procedures, but correct rejection rates were significantly different across lineup procedures.

What have two meta-analyses determined about the relative effectiveness of simultaneous and sequential lineups?

A) Correct identification rates are somewhat lower for sequential lineups

B) There is no difference between the two types of lineups on any measures of effectiveness

C) Correct rejection rates are much higher for simultaneous lineups

D) Correct identification rates are somewhat lower for sequential lineups

E) Correct rejection rates are the same for both types of lineups

A) Correct identification rates are somewhat lower for sequential lineups

According to the text, which lineup procedure is considered most suggestive and is reserved only for certain extenuating circumstances?

A) A showup

B) A simultaneous lineup

C) A sequential lineup

D) A walk-by

E) An elimination lineup

A) A showup

Alice was stabbed multiple times and is in critical condition in the hospital. The police detained a suspect leaving from the scene of the crime, and take the suspect to the hospital to see if Alice can identify him as the man who stabbed her. The police also are concerned that Alice might not make it through the night and want to get an ID as soon as possible. What type of lineup procedure is being used here?

A) A simultaneous lineup

B) A sequential lineup

C) A showup

D) A walk-by

E) An elimination lineup

C) A showup

Recent research by Megreya, Bindemann, Harvard, and Burton (2012) has found that the placement of a suspect's photo in an array has an impact on identification. In particular, they found that:

A) suspects are more accurately identified when they are presented on the left side of an array.

B) foils on the left side were more likely to be inaccurately identified as the perpetrator.

C) placing the suspect's photo within the first two photos increases the chances that the witness will select the suspect.

D) both suspects and foils are more likely to be identified when they are on the right side of an array.

E) suspects are least likely to be identified if their photos are placed near the end of an array.

B) foils on the left side were more likely to be inaccurately identified as the perpetrator.

What typically happens when the eyewitness is told that the perpetrator may or may not be present in the lineup?

A) False positive identifications increase

B) False positive identifications decrease

C) Correct identifications increase

D) Correct identifications decrease

E) These instructions have no impact on identifications

B) False positive identifications decrease

A(n) ________________ identification procedure takes place in a naturalistic environment.

A) showup

B) simultaneous lineup

C) sequential lineup

D) walk-by

E) elimination lineup

D) walk-by

Julianne was attacked by a man that she described as short, blond, and wearing a black hoodie. She is asked to come to the police station for an identification lineup, and the officer tells her the perpetrator may or may not be in the lineup. When she looks at the lineup members, she identifies #3 as the perpetrator as he has blond hair and all the other members of the lineup have dark brown or black hair. A __________ bias is present in this lineup.

A) suspect

B) foil

C) clothing

D) instruction

E) facial

B) foil

A perpetrator has been described as a tall male, wearing glasses and a red toque. The police officer makes sure that all members of the lineup also are wearing glasses and toques. The officer is trying to avoid a _______________ bias.

A) suspect

B) foil

C) clothing

D) instruction

E) facial

C) clothing

What type of lineup was used by Charles Lindberg to identify Bruno Hauptmann, the man who kidnapped and murdered his infant son?

A) Clothing

B) Voice

C) Face

D) Body

E) None of the above

B) Voice

Which of the following factors has been reported to increase correct identification in a voice lineup?

A) Increasing the number of foils in the lineup

B) Presenting the target voice later in the lineup

C) Increasing the length of the voice samples

D) Ensuring that the voice does not have an accent unfamiliar to the witness

E) Increasing the length of the voice samples and ensuring that the voice does not have an accent unfamiliar to the witness

E) Increasing the length of the voice samples and ensuring that the voice does not have an accent unfamiliar to the witness

According to the textbook, what is the primary issue surrounding the Neil v. Biggers (1972) case in relation to eyewitness accuracy?

A) The fact that the court stated that confidence of the witness should be seen as an indicator of accuracy.

B) The fact that the witness was hypnotized and thus the information provided should not be admissible as accurate evidence in the trial.

C) The fact that the witness was given a simultaneous rather than a sequential lineup.

D) The fact that the witness was a child and thus the accuracy of her judgment was questionable.

E) The fact that eyewitness researchers should not be allowed to testify in court.

A) The fact that the court stated that confidence of the witness should be seen as an indicator of accuracy.

Overall, there is ______________ between the accuracy and the confidence of an eyewitness in the identification of a perpetrator.

A) a large positive correlation

B) a small positive correlation

C) no correlation

D) a small negative correlation

E) a large negative correlation

B) a small positive correlation

When presented with a target-absent lineup, older adults (over 60 years of age) tend to make ______________ correct identifications and __________________ correct rejections compared to younger adults.

A) fewer/more

B) more/fewer

C) a similar number of/fewer

D) fewer/a similar number of

E) a similar number of/more

C) a similar number of/fewer

Which of the following is true regarding age and eyewitness identification?

A) Older adults are just as likely as younger adults to make a false positive decision from a target-absent lineup.

B) Generally, there are significant differences between younger and older adults' ability to make correct identifications.

C) Younger and older eyewitnesses do not differ in their correct identification rate or false positive rate.

D) Overall, older adult eyewitnesses have more difficulty than younger adult eyewitnesses in making correct rejection decisions.

E) In broad terms, younger adults have more difficulty than older people in making correct rejection decisions.

D) Overall, older adult eyewitnesses have more difficulty than younger adult eyewitnesses in making correct rejection decisions.

The ____________________ hypothesis explains the cross-race effect in eyewitness testimony by suggesting that the more contact you have with other races the better you will be able to identify them.

A) interracial contact

B) cue-utilization

C) unusualness

D) prejudice

E) physiognomic homogeneity

A) interracial contact

There tends to be a _______________ when the perpetrator is the same race as the witness.

A) lower false positives and higher true negatives relative to other-race identifications

B) higher false identifications and lower correct rejections than other-race identifications

C) higher foil identifications and higher false negatives than other-race identifications

D) lower false identifications as well as lower true positives relative to other-race identifications

E) higher correct identifications and lower false positives than other-race identifications

E) higher correct identifications and lower false positives than other-race identifications

Which of the following explanations for the cross-race effect is most supported by empirical research?

A) The prejudice hypothesis

B) The cue-utilization hypothesis

C) The unusualness hypothesis

D) The interracial contact hypothesis

E) The physiognomic homogeneity hypothesis

D) The interracial contact hypothesis

Susan is being interviewed by a police officer after she witnessed a man rob a convenience store. The police are asking her questions about the perpetrator's appearance, and she finds that all she can remember is that the man had a gun. What is the term used to describe this recall situation?

A) Recall obstruction hypothesis

B) Retrieval impairment hypothesis

C) Weapon focus effect

D) Central superiority hypothesis

E) Peripheral inferiority effect

C) Weapon focus effect

Kirk was recently robbed at gunpoint while working at gas station. Although he could not recall many details about the perpetrator, he was able to recall many details about the gun. What is the best explanation for Kirk's recall performance?

A) The bland nature of the offence

B) His expert memory

C) His extensive experience interacting with people

D) The unusualness of the weapon being present

E) The fact that guns are better recalled than other weapons

D) The unusualness of the weapon being present

Kassin, Tubb, Hosch, and Memon (2001) surveyed researchers to determine which eyewitness issues they felt were reliable enough to provide expert testimony in court. What were the issues that were deemed sufficiently reliable?

A) Show-ups, walk-bys, and lineup procedures

B) Lineup procedures, interview procedures, and the confidence-accuracy relationship

C) Theories of eyewitness testimony, types of memories, and show-ups

D) The Reid model, the cognitive interview, and effects of alcohol on testimony

E) Memory conformity, voice recognition, and leading questions

B) Lineup procedures, interview procedures, and the confidence-accuracy relationship

What was a major finding from a Canadian survey by Read and Desmarais (2009) on eyewitness issues?

A) Lay public demonstrated disdain for expert witnesses

B) Lay public demonstrated a greater accuracy with regard to eyewitness issues than has been found in the past

C) Lay public equated memory to a video recording

D) Lay public demonstrated very bizarre beliefs about lineups

E) Lay public demonstrated a greater inaccuracy with regard to eyewitness issues than has been found in the past

B) Lay public demonstrated a greater accuracy with regard to eyewitness issues than has been found in the past

According to the Innocence Project, what was the primary evidence used to convict was in more than 75 percent of DNA exoneration cases?

A) Forensic science

B) Confession

C) Eyewitness identification

D) Polygraph

E) Jail house informant testimony

C) Eyewitness identification

What Canadian case involved poor police techniques in collecting eyewitness identification, and led to an inquiry and many recommendations on how to conduct eyewitness identifications properly?

A) Richard Oickle

B) Fred Arbuckle

C) Henry Speed

D) Francis Ouimet

E) Thomas Sophonow

E) Thomas Sophonow