Uses, characteristics and properties of metals and non-metals

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What are the physical properties of metals?

1. They have high melting and boiling points

2. Except for mercury, they are solid at room temperatures

3. They are good conductors of heat and electricity

4. They are malleable and ductile

5. They are shiny in appearance

6. They have high densities

Why are metals solid at room temperatures?

These are solid at room temperature due to the strong metallic ends between the atoms.

Why are metals malleable?

This is because their atoms are arranged in a regular pattern which enables them to slide past each other when a force is applied

Why do metals conduct electricity?

Metals conduct electricity due to the presence of free electrons that can move easily throughout the metal's structure. When an electric field is applied, these free electrons can migrate towards the positive side, allowing electric current to flow.

Why do metals have high melting and boiling points?

This is due to the strength of the metallic bonds that hold the atoms together.

What are nonmetals?

These are the elements found mainly in groups V, VI, VII, and O.

What are the physical properties of non-metals?

1. They have low melting and boiling points

2. They are solid at room temperature except for bromine (liquid at R.T)

3. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity

4. When in the solid state, they appear dull

5. They are weak and brittle when in solid state

6. They have low densities

Why are non-metals gases at room temperature?

This is a result of the weak forces of attraction between the diatomic molecules or atoms.

What are the properties and characteristics of hydrogen?

1. It is a colourless, tasteless, odourless gas

2. It is the lightest element

3. It acts as a reducing agent

Where does hydrogen occur?

1. In the compound water (H20)

2. In hydrocarbons and most other organic compounds

What are the properties and characteristics of oxygen?

1. It is a colourless, tasteless, odourless gas

2. It acts as an oxidizing agent

Where does oxygen occur?

1. It occurs as O2 molecules in the air

2. It occurs in water, in oxides of metals and nonmetals such as metal ores, silicon dioxide (sand) and carbon dioxide

3. In metal carbonates and sulphates

4. In many organic and other compounds

What are the properties and characteristics of nitrogen?

• It is a colourless, tasteless, odourless gas

• It is one of the most reactive nonmetals; It is considered relatively inert

Where does nitrogen occur?

• This occurs in its elemental state as an N2 molecule in the air and makes up 78% of it.

• It occurs in proteins, metal nitrates and ammonium compounds.

What are the properties and characteristics of chlorine?

• It is a yellow-green gas

• It has a strong odour

• It is poisonous to humans

• It acts as an oxidizing agent

Where does chlorine occur?

This occurs combined in metal chlorine e.g. sodium chloride (table salt)

What are the properties and characteristics of carbon?

• It has two main Allotropes diamond and graphite

• Diamond is an extremely hard, transparent, colorless, sparkling solid it has a very high melting point

• Graphite is a soft, flaky, opaque, dark gray solid. It has a very high melting point and conducts electricity

• it acts as a reducing agent

Where does carbon occur?

• This occurs in the elemental State as diamond and graphite

• it occurs in all organic compounds, in metals carbonate and Metal hydrocarbonate and in carbon dioxide

What are the properties and characteristics of sulfur?

This is in light yellow solid

Where does sulfur occur?

• This occurs in the elemental State E.G near hot Springs and in volcanic regions

• This occurs in metal sulfides and sulfates

What are the compounds of carbon?

1. Diamond

2. Graphite

3. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

4. Sodium hydrocarbonate (NaHCO3)

What are the uses of diamond?

1. This is used in jewellery

2. To cut and engrave glass and other diamonds

3. In the tips of drills

4. Diamond powder is used as an abrasive for polishing and fine-grinding

What are the uses of graphite?

1. This is used as the ‘lead’ in pencils

2. To make electrodes for use in the industry

3. As a solid lubricant

4. To make carbon fibres to strengthen plastics

What are the uses of sodium carbonate?

1. To soften hard water

2. To make glass

What are the uses of sodium hydrocarbonate?

1. This is used as a raising agent in baking powder

2. As an antacid

3. In fire extinguishers

What are the compounds of sulfur?

1. Sulfur dioxide

2. Sulfuric acid

What are the uses of sulfur?

1. To vulcanise (harden) rubber example for car tyres

2. To make medical drugs and ointments to treat fungal infections

3. To make fungicides to prevent fungal-attacking crops

4. To make match heads

5. To make sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid

What are the uses of sulfur dioxide?

1. This is used as a food preservative, e.g in jams and fruit juices

2. As a bleaching agent in the manufacturer of paper

What are the uses of sulfuric acid?

• This is used to make fertilizers example ammonium sulfate

• Lead acid batteries example car batteries

What are the compounds of phosphorus?

Phosphoric acid and phosphorus sulfides

What are the uses of phosphorus?

1. To make the striking surface of safety match boxes

2. To make flares, fireworks and explosives

3. To make pesticides

4. In the manufacture of phosphoric acid

What are the uses of phosphoric acid?

1. To manufacture phosphate fertilizers example ammonium phosphate [(NH4)3PO4)

2. It is used to remove rust

What is the use of phosphorus sulfides example P4S3

To make the heads of matches

What are the compounds of chlorine?

1. Sodium chlorate(1) (NaClO)

2. Calcium chlorate(1) [Ca(ClO)2]

What are the uses of chlorine?

1. To treat drinking water and destroy bacteria

2. To make solvents and dry cleaning fluids

3. To make pesticides example DDT

4. To make antiseptics example TCP and dettol

5. To make monochloroethene which is used to make PVC for pipes, window frames and guttering

6. To manufacture sodium chlorate(l) and calcium chlorate(l)

What are the uses of sodium chlorate and calcium chlorate?

1. As bleaching agents

2. To sterilize drinking water and swimming pool water - the compound releases ‘free chlorine’ which is toxic to bacteria

3. As disinfectants

What are the nitrogen compounds?

1. Ammonium

2. Nitric acid

What are the uses of nitrogen?

1. Liquid nitrogen is used to quickly freeze foods

2. To fill light bulbs together with argon

3. Used in food packaging to provide an inert atmosphere which prevents aerobic decay

4. In the manufacture of ammonia

What are the uses of ammonia?

1. In household cleaners example oven and window cleaners

2. To manufacture fertilizers

3. In the manufacture of nitric acid

What are the uses of nitric acid?

1. To manufacture fertilizers

2. To manufacture explosives e.g TNT and dyes

What are the compounds of silicon?

1. Silicon dioxide (quartz)

2. Metal silicates

What are the uses of silicon?

1. To make silicon chips which are used in electronic devices from pocket calculators to computers

2. To make silicone implants for plastic and reconstructive surgery

3. To make silicon steel alloy in the steel industry

What are the uses of silicon dioxide (quartz)?

1. In jewellery example Amethyst in purple quartz

2. To make glass - silicon dioxide is the main ingredient of glass

3. To make cement

4. Mixed with cement and aggregate to make concrete

What is the use of metal silicates?

To make ceramic products, such as pottery and parcelain products, roof tiles, floor tiles, building bricks and sewer pipes.

What are the four compounds of nonmetals that are used to make fertilizers?

Ammonia, nitric acid sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid

What is meant by vulcanization of rubber? Name the nonmetal that is used to vulcanize Rubber and explain what happens during the process of vulcanization

Rubber vulcanization is a chemical process that involves the heating of rubber with sulfur or other additives to improve its properties such as its strength, durability and resistance to heat, chemicals and abrasions.