Studied by 1 person
Agricultural Revolution
New era of agriculture in which farming became more efficient and new inventions helped achieve that. Important events: Enclosed farming Manure Fertilizer Land drainage Hybrid seed Rotations between root crops
Enclosure
Its literally a fence. It led to bigger farms run by more knowledgeable people. They used fences to close off area. This led to more crops being farmed. Which led to higher population. Which led to more workers in factories.
Mercantilism
Mother country establishes colonies in other places to provide raw materials and a market to sell
Globalization(before 1900)
World economy got more integrated and the regions became more dependent each other.
Capital
Wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value.
You need capital= You need money, skills.
Entrepreneurial spirit
People who were experienced entrepreneurs and can lead to success in the market. Applying skill to different concepts. People applying talents from different topics to advance.
Commodities and Raw materials
Steam, Coal, Cotton(easy access to), land(good geography).
Urbanization
Movement of people from rural areas to cities
Class conflict
New social classes emerged due to urbanization during the industrial revolution. The entrepreneurs as well as the business people gained enormous wealth. This led to a class divide, where the workers in the factories became the poor and the factory owners, with their huge wealth became the rich.
Command vs. Market Economy
Command: -Government makes most economic decisions & owns most property, Communist -Governments own the factors of production and set prices and production schedules.
Market: -Private consumers, producers make most economic decisions & own most property, Democratic -Prices are set by supply and demand -Capitalist
19th century capitalism/laissez-faire
A system that allows individuals to freely carry out their own economic affairs without government intervention
Laissez-faire is an economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention. The theory of laissez-faire was developed by the French Physiocrats during the 18th century. Laissez-faire advocates that economic success is limited when governments are involved in business and markets.
Capitalism
Capitalism is often thought of as an economic system in which private actors own and control property in accord with their interests, and demand and supply freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society. The essential feature of capitalism is the motive to make a profit
Economic sustainability
Economy can be successful and protect their resources
Importance in Capitalism: When consumers demand sustainability, businesses respond.
Full employment
Everyone who wants a job has one
Importance in Capitalism: Low level of unemployment keeps wages because people compete for years
Economic Freedom
Gives people the ability to make economic decisions for themselves(within reason)
Importance in Capitalism: Very important
Economic Growth
The ability of the economy to increase the production of goods and services
Importance in Capitalism: Very important
Economic Equity
The fairness with which an economy provides opportunities for all
Importance in Capitalism: Not very important
Economic Stability
A situation in which there is economic growth, rising national income, high employment, and steadiness in the general level of prices.
Importance in Capitalism: Very important
Economic Efficiency
Wise use of available resources so as to obtain the greatest benefits possible
Importance in Capitalism: -Not until consumers demand it -if it saves money
Economic Security
Government will provide a safety net in times of economic downturns
Importance in Capitalism: Somewhat- US has a small safety net.
Adam Smith(Father of Economics)
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations(influences modern economics) and Theory of moral sentiments , is a precursor to modern Capitalism.
According to Smith, people have a capacity for reasonable judgement and is often understatements and should not allow politicians or philosophers to impose unreasonable government. Advocate for Laisses-Faire- Minimal government intervention with economy
"The Invisible hand"
A phrase coined by Adam Smith to describe the process that turns self-directed gain into social and economic benefits for all. People act with their own self interest to act with their own self interest.
Supply and Demand
An economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply). Controls price and quantity of products in the market
David Ricardo(1772-1823)
Argued for use of metallic currency. His mathematical influence lives to influence modern day economics. Believed economy was best without government. Early advocate for free trade.
Comparative advantage
Theory from David Ricardo which stated that nations should focus on industries where they can easily compete in the market, and only trade with other countries to gain product not available nationally(this meant each nation could profit from certain industries)
Free trade
International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.
Communism
A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned(government) and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. People would not need to work harder to receive the same amount of money as everyone else. No class distinctions. Everyone is treated equally. In fact, Marxists often refer to socialism as the first, necessary phase on the way from capitalism to communism
Communism now
Today, the existing communist states in the world are in China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam. These communist states often do not claim to have achieved socialism or communism in their countries but to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism in their countries.
Communism past
Communism advocated for the elimination of private profit and an expanded role for government in the economy. Unions supported workers and advocated for better working conditions, wages, and benefits.
Past- No regulations. Buisness owners can do whatever that want
Does communism come after socialism?
Communism, sometimes referred to as revolutionary socialism, also originated as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, and came to be defined by Marx's theories—taken to their extreme end. In fact, Marxists often refer to socialism as the first, necessary phase on the way from capitalism to communism.
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
Communist Manifesto
The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, was first published in 1848. It formed the basis for the modern communist movement as we know it, arguing that capitalism would inevitably self-destruct, to be replaced by socialism and ultimately communism.
Karl Marx Socialism
Socialism, for Marx, is a society which permits the actualization of man's essence, by overcoming his alienation. It is nothing less than creating the conditions for the truly free, rational, active and independent man; it is the fulfillment of the prophetic aim: the destruction of the idols.
Karl Marx Capitalism
Marx condemned capitalism as a system that alienates the masses. His reasoning was as follows: although workers produce things for the market, market forces, not workers, control things. People are required to work for capitalists who have full control over the means of production and maintain power in the workplace.
Utopian Socialism
Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively. Aim of overcoming the social contradiction between the rich and the poor through violent or peaceful means. Have a completely equal community where people work cooperatively
Robert Owen
(1771-1858) One of the founders of Utopian Socialism. He is perhaps best known for his model textile factory and village at New Lanark in Scotland. Conditions in early factories were extremely harsh, with very hazardous working conditions for all employees.He believed that people were not responsible for their actions or outcomes. This is because he believed that human character is formed by conditions outside of the control of the individual. He mainly believed that these character traits were formed in early childhood. He felt that if you removed pain, fear and trial from human existence than humanity would flourish.
How did Robert Owen contribution to the Industrial Revolution?
Owen drafted a bill for "industrial emancipation" in 1815. It would have prohibited employing children less than 10 years old, and set a maximum 10½-hour day for those 10 to 18, He was greatly discouraged when Parliament finally enacted a watered-down reform with a 9-year-old limit and 12-hour day in 1819.
Anarchism
It meant to have no rulers. Anarchism gave unlimited liberties to the ordinary people in a nation. It also calls for everyone to share wealth and social status. Selfish. People just fighting for what they want. Now-- Chaos
Emma Goldman
Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 - May 14, 1940) was a Russian-born anarchist political activist and writer. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the 20th century.
An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labour agitator.
During World War I, Goldman actively protested the war and encouraged men not to register for the draft. Arrested on June 15, 1917, Goldman was prosecuted and convicted "for conspiring against the draft" under the Espionage Act.
John Meynard Keynes
Was a British economist whose ideas have fundamentally affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics and informed the economic policies of governments. He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and he is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern macroeconomics and the most influential economist of the 20th century.
Keynesian economics gets its name, theories, and principles from British economist John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), who is regarded as the founder of modern macroeconomics. His most famous work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, was published in 1936.
British economist John Maynard Keynes believed that classical economic theory did not provide a way to end depressions. He argued that uncertainty caused individuals and businesses to stop spending and investing, and government must step in and spend money to get the economy back on track.
Anarcho-capitalism
Anarcho-capitalism is an anti-statist, libertarian, and anti-political philosophy and economic theory that seeks to abolish centralized states in favor of stateless societies with systems of private property enforced by private agencies, the non-aggression principle, free markets and the right-libertarian interpretation of self-ownership, which extends the concept to include control of private property as part of the self. They want there to be public servies but they are on a voluntary basis.
Modern Liberalism
Libertarianism is a kind of politics that says the government should have less control over people's lives. It is based on the idea of maximum liberty. Libertarians believe that it is usually better to give people more free choice.
Utilitarianism as an ethical framework
A system that determines things right from wrong based on how happy it makes people. Do what does the "most good"(best outcome)
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. It is a form of consequentialism. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number.
Utilitarianism offers a relatively straightforward method for deciding the morally right course of action for any particular situation we may find ourselves in.
International communities
The countries of the world considered collectively.
Democratic Socialism
Democratic socialism is a variant of socialism where the government is organized by democracy. In short, it believes that social and economic decisions should be made by those whom they most affect. The combination of the two ideologies of democracy and socialism make democratic socialism. Citizens determine the extent of government activity through free elections and competitive political parties.
Thomas Malthus
Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.
San Martin
Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru. Was an Argentine general. Primary leader of the southern and central parts of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire. San Martin took the help of O'Higgins to free Chile. San Martin then gave up his army to Bolivar who defeated the Spanish with his unified army.
Bolivar
Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire.
Hidalgo
A Priest who led a rebellion of 80,000 rebels who marched towards Mexico City(for end of Spanish rule). The Spanish army eventually defeated him, but all his followers went to Jose Maria Morelos.
Morelos
A revolution Leader who took Miguel Hidalgo's army and led the revolution for 4 more years but he was defeated by a creole officer(Agustin de Iturbide)
Iturbide
A Creole officer who killed Jose Maria Morelos but led Mexico to independence.
Panama Canal
Rosevelt wanted the land to build the Panama canal so that he could move ships from east to west easily, and helped the U.S. gain more power.
Military occupation of Latin American countries
Mexicans refused to salute to the US flag so the US Marines used parts of the city in 1914. In 1914 to 1918 u.s. sends troops to find nationalists during the Mexican Revolution. To protect the US economic relationship, they plotted the coup against Francisco Maders in 1913 and made General Victoriano Huerta as president. In 1916 to 1924 US Marines occupied the Dominican Republic and the Dominican Republic is a protectorate of the U.S. Until 1941.
Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe's 1823 annual message to Congress contained the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. Didn't want European countries to plant colonies in the U.S.
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
Stated that the nations of the Western Hemisphere were not open to colonization by European powers, and that the United States had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life and property in those countries. Was made to protect western hemisphere and so that the U.S.'s power was not undermined.
Platt Amendment
Approved on May 22, 1903, the Platt Amendment was a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention.
Dollar Diplomacy
The use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence to create stability and order.
Mexican-American war
Battle for land(Modern day Texas) where Mexico was fighting to keep what they thought was their property and the U.S. desired to keep the land of Texas.
Spanish-American war
The Spanish-American War was an 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. This was because of Cuba's struggle for independence against Spain.
Peninsulares
Came to Latin America from Spain(born in Spain); ruled, highest social class. Had all power
Creoles
Spanish(born in Latin America) identity from Indian and African influence. The Creoles wanted to establish control over the Spanish dominated economy, to gain political authority over the peninsulares. Fought for Latin American independence from Spain.
Mestizos
A person of mixed Indian and European ancestry. Backbone of the Spanish empire in the Americas. Mestizos made up the majority of fighters in the army; they became artisans, traders, and local officials. 3rd highest
Mulattos
Persons of mixed European and African ancestry. Wanted to be higher class. Also fought in many revolutions.
Zambos
These are people of mixed Indian and African descent. Lowest tier of social class in colonial America.
Casta Paintings
Paintings that show the racial mixing of a family(or racial diversity). Shows hierarchy of society.
Mercantilism
Mother country established colonies in other places to provide raw materials and a market to sell
Cash Crops
Crops grown in large amounts to be sold for profit
Import
to carry into the country
Export
to carry out of the country
Trade Deficit
the amount by which the cost of a country's imports(buys) exceeds the value of its exports(sells).
Caudillo
Latin America dictator
Gran Columbia
Bolivar(with help of San Martin's army(who conquered Argentina and Chile)) helped free the area from Spain. This region became the Gran Columbia, with countries Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, and Ecuador.
United Provinces of Central America
a federation established in 1823 that declared independence from Spain and Mexico. Contained the present-day nations of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica
Peonage
Ancestors had debt that was passed on through generations. Free worker were in better situations than slaves because they didn't have debt.
Why did Mexico's creoles refuse to support Hidalgo or Morelos?
Mexican creoles opposed Hidalgo and Morelos because these leaders wanted the abolition of slavery. As middle class businessmen and merchants, many creoles relied on slavery and other forms of exploitation for their wealth.
Napolean
French military and political leader who rose during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. Napoleon played a key role in the French Revolution (1789-99), and was the first emperor of France (1804-14/15). Today Napoleon is widely considered one of the greatest military generals in history.
L'Ourveture
Born and enslaved. He was educated and learned his freedom. Managed plantation, where he interacted with business with all types of Haitians. Used slaves for labor. He led Haiti to victory over French and was the leader number one of Haiti.
Dom Pedro
The one who declared independence for Brazil
What caused the creoles in South America to rebel against Spain? Summarize the outcome of these independence movements.
During the 19th century, Spanish control in Latin America caused Creoles to lead a revolution because they felt pressure from lower social classes, wanted independence, and wanted control over their economy.
Outcome: It remade LA, by banishing the Spanish empire and forcing them to leave. That freed up a lot of the colonies and they became independent states
Why did the experience of Mexicans and Brazilians differ from other Latin Americans in their quest for independence?
Brazil: In their independence movement, there was no fighting involved. It was a peaceful independence declaration. Only colony with peaceful independence movements. Mexican:
Why was there very little significant economic or social change for most people in Latin America after independence?
Because the countries which gained their independence already had a struggling economy, they were poor, people in power didn't know how to run government, and leaders were corrupt. Also caudillos led their countries with violence.
Why did the United States intervene in Latin American politics in the 19th and 20th centuries? What are specific instances of this involvement?
They intervened in Latin America for economic, political, and security reasons. Economic: Wanted to dominate trade in LA Political: Wanted more power in LA states Security: Wanted western hemisphere to be more US dominated Specific examples would be: Panama Canal- Gave the US more power over trade due to having easy access from east to west. Monroe Doctrine- No more European colonization of America. Attempting to colonize the US is a threat to the US. Europe will stay out US affairs Roosevelt Corollary- It entitled that US could interfere with LA whenever they want Cuba- Platt Amendment & US forcing a grant that they will be able to intervene when Cuba got independence
The reason Iturbide(creoles) decided to fight for independence
Mexican creoles feared loss of their privilege(power) in Mexico
What are human rights?
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person, regardless of their race, gender, nationality, religion, or any other status.
What is the origin of human rights?
The origin of human rights can be traced back to various historical and philosophical movements, such as the Magna Carta, the Enlightenment, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Describe the social hierarchy in Saint-Domingue.
The social hierarchy in Saint-Domingue (Haiti) was divided between white colonizers, free people of color, and enslaved Africans.
How did the French Revolution and Enlightenment ideas contribute to the Haitian Revolution?
The French Revolution and Enlightenment ideas, such as the idea of equality and freedom, inspired the enslaved people of Haiti to rebel against their oppressors, leading to the Haitian Revolution.
What were some of the most important causes of the Haitian Revolution?
Some of the most important causes of the Haitian Revolution include the harsh treatment of enslaved people, the desire for freedom and equality, and the influence of the French Revolution.
Explain the social class divisions in pre-revolutionary Latin America. How much political and economic power did each different group have?
Pre-revolutionary Latin America had a social class system that was divided between the Spanish colonizers, the creoles (people of Spanish descent born in Latin America), and the indigenous and enslaved populations. Each group had different levels of political and economic power.
What caused the creoles in South America to rebel against Spain? Summarize the outcome of these independence movements.
The creoles in South America rebelled against Spain due to a desire for greater autonomy and representation. The outcome of these independence movements was the formation of new, independent nations in the region.
Why did the experience of Mexicans and Brazilians differ from other Latin Americans in their quest for independence.
Mexicans and Brazilians had different experiences in their quest for independence due to the larger populations and more developed economies in those countries.
Why was there very little significant economic or social change for most people in Latin America after independence?
After independence, there was little significant economic or social change for most people in Latin America due to the continued influence of the wealthy elite.
Why did the United States intervene in Latin American politics in the 19th and 20th centuries? What are specific instances of this involvement?
The United States intervened in Latin American politics in the 19th and 20th centuries for various reasons, such as economic interests and political ideology. Specific instances of this involvement include the Spanish-American War and the Monroe Doctrine.
How did the Agricultural Revolution help spark the Industrial Revolution?
The Agricultural Revolution, which led to increased productivity and a larger population, helped spark the Industrial Revolution.
Define and explain the economic, political, and social conditions necessary for an industrial revolution to occur. (Hint: Look at your notes about pre-requisites for an IR to happen.)
Economic, political, and social conditions necessary for an industrial revolution to occur include a large population, access to natural resources, a stable government, and a strong economy.
Why was Britain the first country to industrialize?
Britain was the first country to industrialize due to its access to resources, such as coal and iron, and its strong economy and political stability.
What types of problems did workers and cities face as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
During the Industrial Revolution, workers faced a variety of problems including poor working conditions, low wages, and long working hours. Many factory workers, particularly children, were forced to work in dangerous and unhealthy environments with little to no job security or legal protections. Cities also faced problems such as overcrowding, air and water pollution, and the spread of disease. The rapid influx of people into urban areas resulted in a shortage of affordable housing and inadequate infrastructure. Additionally, the rise of industrialization led to social and economic disparities between the wealthy factory owners and the working-class laborers.
What types of reforms were made to remedy some of the problems caused by the Industrial Revolution?
Labor laws
Public health
Education
Social welfare
Progressive Income tax
How did Napoleon’s conquest of Europe lead to 3 new political philosophies and rampant nationalism? (Hint: Look at the graphic organizer you completed about the Congress of Vienna.)
Napoleon's conquest of Europe led to the spread of nationalism sentiment as people in conquered territories began to identify with their own nations rather than with the larger empires of which they were a part. This was further solidified by the Congress of Vienna, which redrew the map of Europe and created many new nation-states. The Congress also led to the spread of the idea of nationalism, which emphasizes the importance of national identity and self-determination.
How did the Industrial Revolution drive many Europeans and Americans to engage in imperialism and subjugate much of the rest of humanity?
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The Industrial Revolution led many Europeans and Americans to engage in imperialism as they sought new markets for their goods and raw materials to fuel their economies. They had the means to subjugate much of the rest of humanity through their technological, military and economic advantages.
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